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Origins of RSD
Published in Hooshang Hooshmand, Chronic Pain, 2018
Moreover, the circuit shown in Figure 21a and Figure 21bconnecting hippocampus, temporal lobe, and mammilar bodies (Papez circuit) influences the sympathetic function and provides the emotional basis for retention of immediate recall and short memory. Any lesion in this circuit disturbs the memory function. 439 Serotonin plays a major role in the sympathetic function of the frontal–temporal lobes: activation of cerebral cortical serotonin receptors may raise or reduce systemic blood pressure. As the serotonin concentration of cerebral cortex increases, the sympathetic function decreases. This has a protective effect in animals against the development of ventricular fibrillation.447 This may somehow be useful in prevention of fatal heart attack.
Application of errorless learning in alcohol-related cognitive disorders
Published in Catherine Haslam, Roy P.C. Kessels, Errorless Learning in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2018
Yvonne C.M. Rensen, Hélène Beaunieux, Francis Eustache, Anne-Lise Pitel
Two brain circuits are mainly affected by chronic and excessive alcohol consumption. These are the Papez circuit, which is implicated in declarative memory functioning, and the fronto-cerebellar circuit, involved in motor abilities as well as working memory and executive functions. Alcohol misuse in both AUD and KS has been found to be associated with shrinkage of the frontal cortex, cerebellum, pons, thalamus, hippocampus, and mammillary bodies (see Zahr, 2014, for a review). This pathology is closely aligned with the neuropsychological presentation that includes impairments of visuospatial ability, executive function, working memory, and episodic memory (see Oscar-Berman et al., 2014, for a review). Post-mortem and in-vivo neuroimaging investigations indicate that severe damage to the thalamus and the mammillary bodies is what differentiates individuals with AUD with and without KS (Pitel et al., 2012; Harding, Halliday, Caine, & Kril, 2000), suggesting that changes in the diencephalon are critical for development of amnesia.
Metabolic Mapping with Deoxyglucose Autoradiography as an Approach for Assessing Drug Action in the Central Nervous System
Published in Edythe D. London, Imaging Drug Action in the Brain, 2017
Akeo Kurumaji, Deborah Dewar, James McCulloch
The inconsistent functional mapping data with cholinergic antagonists contrast with the striking patterns of response to enhanced cholinergic activation involving a substantial number of brain regions. Oxotremorine, a muscarinic receptor agonist, effects pronounced increases in glucose use in brain structures involved primarily with motor function (nigrostriatal system, globus pallidus, red nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, motor cortex, and cerebellum) (Dow-Edwards et al., 1981) in contrast with the minimal effects seen in motor areas after cholinergic antagonists (see above). Animals treated with oxotremorine exhibit marked tremor, and the alterations in glucose use appear to reflect the consequences of this motor dysfunction rather than those associated with the action of the drug directly on cholinergic receptor sites. Cerebral glucose utilization is also significantly altered, in a dose-dependent manner, in some areas of the limbic system, e.g., anterior thalamus, mamillary body, and entorhinal cortex (Dam and London, 1984). The Papez circuit connects all of these structure either directly or indirectly with the hippocampus (Papez, 1937; Domesick, 1972) which, though it has a high density of muscarinic receptors, does not itself exhibit altered glucose metabolism in response to oxotremorine. The medial septum, which has reciprocal connections with the hippocampus (Crutcher et al., 1981; Mosoko et al., 1973) also showed oxotremorine-induced increases in glucose use. As within the motor system, the effects of oxotremorine were not directly related to densities of muscarinic receptors within the limbic system.
Ablative brain surgery: an overview
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2019
Andrea Franzini, Shayan Moosa, Domenico Servello, Isabella Small, Francesco DiMeco, Zhiyuan Xu, William Jeffrey Elias, Angelo Franzini, Francesco Prada
Kelly introduced stereotactic limbic leucotomy (SLL) in 1973 as a combination of bilateral ACT and SCT [84]. The rationale was that the dual lesions in the lower medial quadrant of the frontal lobe would produce better results than either single lesion. The first lesion in the subcaudate area was thought to sever frontolimbic connections, whereas the cingulate lesion was intended to disconnect Papez circuit [68,69,73]. Several techniques were used to carry out SLL, including wire loops, blunt instruments, cryoablation (Kelly’s original technique), radioactive materials and more recently MRI-guided RF thermoablation [85]. Various studies showed encouraging results both in the treatment of MDD and OCD patients [70,85,86].