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Baroreflex Failure
Published in David Robertson, Italo Biaggioni, Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System, 2019
The glossopharyngeal nerve has two sensory ganglia. The superior ganglion is a small swelling of the nerve at the level of the jugular foramen, while the somewhat larger petrosal ganglion lies in the fossula petrosa, just beneath the jugular foramen. The otic ganglion is situated just below the foramen ovale and receives parasympathetic preganglionic fibers from the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve where the former courses anteriorly as the lesser superficial petrosal nerve (Brodal, 1957). Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers then enter the auriculotemporal nerve (a branch of the trigeminal nerve) and innervate the parotid gland.
SBA Answers and Explanations
Published in Vivian A. Elwell, Jonathan M. Fishman, Rajat Chowdhury, SBAs for the MRCS Part A, 2018
Vivian A. Elwell, Jonathan M. Fishman, Rajat Chowdhury
The secreto-motor supply to the parotid (for secretion of saliva) is by way of parasympathetic fibres of the glossopharyngeal nerve, synapsing in the otic ganglion and relaying onwards to the parotid gland through the auriculotemporal nerve. The importance of knowing this lies in a phenomenon known as Frey’s syndrome which may occur, not infrequently, following parotid surgery, or penetrating trauma to the parotid gland. It is caused by misdirected reinnervation of the auriculotemporal nerve fibres to the sweat glands in the facial skin following its injury. The patient may complain of gustatory sweating (i.e., a stimulus intended for saliva production produces sweating instead).
Head and neck
Published in Tor Wo Chiu, Stone’s Plastic Surgery Facts, 2018
Secretomotor – preganglionic fibres from the inferior salivary nucleus (glossopharyngeal nerve – tympanic branch of IX – lesser petrosal nerve – otic ganglion – post-ganglionic fibres in the auriculotemporal nerve). The otic ganglion is closely applied to the mandibular nerve beneath the foramen ovale in the infratemporal fossa.
Dysautonomia in the pathogenesis of migraine
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2018
Parisa Gazerani, Brian Edwin Cairns
Insights into the anatomy and function of trigeminovascular as well as the cranial autonomic systems are important for understanding mechanisms responsible for dysautonomia symptoms during the migraine attack [29]. Besides the trigeminal nociceptive fibers originating in trigeminal ganglion, sympathetic efferent fibers originating in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and parasympathetic efferent fibers originating in the sphenopalatine and otic ganglia have been implicated in some features of the migraine attack. In particular, the innervation of intracerebral (pial) blood vessels by parasympathetic efferent fibers coming principally from the internal carotid and sphenopalatine ganglia, is thought to play an important role in headache-related vasodilation.
Beyond chronic migraine: a systematic review and expert opinion on the off-label use of botulinum neurotoxin type-A in other primary headache disorders
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Andreas A. Argyriou, Dimos-Dimitrios Mitsikostas, Elisa Mantovani, Michail Vikelis, Stefano Tamburin
Four open-label studies, which explored BoNTA injection in head/neck muscles [65,68] and the sphenopalatine ganglion [66,67], documented some improvement, with a consistent number of side effects in the latter site of injection. A single open-label study of otic ganglion BoNTA injection reported mild adverse events, but no significant effect on CH outcomes [69]. Taken together, these studies indicate BoNTA as a possible therapeutic strategy for intractable CH, but the need for RCTs to shed light on this topic. Indeed, the pathogenesis of CH attacks rely upon CNS mechanisms in the hypothalamus [7] and blocking of peripheral pain mediators might not be sufficient to reduce their incidence.
A critical review of the neurovascular nature of migraine and the main mechanisms of action of prophylactic antimigraine medications
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Bruno A. Marichal-Cancino, Abimael González-Hernández, Raquel Guerrero-Alba, Roberto Medina-Santillán, Carlos M. Villalón
It is noteworthy that cortical surface blood vessels are under the control of trigeminal sensory and autonomic neurons (from the superior cervical ganglion [sympathetic rami]) and the sphenopalatine and otic ganglia (parasympathetic rami) [82,83]. Hence, hormones, peptides, and neuromodulators from sensory neurons, autonomic neurons, and astrocytes, among others (e.g. endothelial cells), continuously regulate the vascular diameter [82,84]. As the catecholaminergic sympathetic division controls vascular tone [85], monoamine receptors exert a key modulation of sensory and autonomic perivascular activities [86].