China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Drugs Affecting Autonomic Ganglia (Including the Adrenal Medulla)
Published in Kenneth J. Broadley, Autonomic Pharmacology, 2017
Autonomic ganglia consist of clusters of postganglionic cell bodies which, in the case of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, are located alongside the vertebral column as the sympathetic chain (vertebral ganglia) or more distally in the body cavities as discrete peripheral ganglia. The parasympathetic ganglia are located usually within the organ that is innervated. They form more diffuse networks or plexuses of cells, such as the myenteric plexus of the gastrointestinal tract (Figure 1.5). The anatomical differences between parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia are described in Chapter 1 and are illustrated in Figure 1.3 and 1.4. The sympathetic ganglia form more discrete structures and are therefore more accessible for study, since electrodes may be placed pre- and postganglionically to examine the pharmacological effects of drugs upon transmission through the ganglion and upon the end organ response to nerve stimulation.
Specific Synonyms
Published in Terence R. Anthoney, Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam, 2017
Parasympathetic ganglia (CH&L. p. 524) Peripheral ganglia (ibid.)Terminal ganglia (ibid.)Although these are considered parasympathetic structures, cell bodies of a few sympathetic postganglionic neurons are present in some of them (e.g., CH&L, p. 520, 539).
Paper 2 Answers
Published in James Day, Amy Thomson, Tamsin McAllister, Nawal Bahal, Get Through, 2014
James Day, Amy Thomson, Tamsin McAllister, Nawal Bahal
Parasympathetic nerve fibres are cranio-sacral in origin. Parasympathetic ganglia are located near effector sites, with short postganglionic fibres, which release acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. Cranial nerves with parasympathetic fibres are the oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves (III, VII, IX, X).
Cerebrospinal fluid leaks secondary to dural tears: a review of etiology, clinical evaluation, and management
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Jason Gandhi, Andrew DiMatteo, Gunjan Joshi, Noel L. Smith, Sardar Ali Khan
There are other less conventional methods in treating symptoms of a dural tear. Traditional conservative treatment involves avoidance of the upright positions, requires the patient to remain stationary (e.g. bed rest), and increased fluid intake until symptoms resolve [61]. A method suggested in previous years is that intravenous caffeine will treat the tension induced by intracranial hypotension via caffeine’s vasoconstrictive properties. Presently, the method does not hold strong scientific evidence in effectiveness [22, 64]. Another proposed method is a sphenopalatine ganglion block, which is conducted less invasively by placing a cotton swab soaked in lidocaine in the patient’s nostril [22]. In doing so, both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia in the pterygopalatine fossa are inhibited.
Metastatic brain carotid body paraganglioma with endocrine activity: a case report and literature review
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2019
Xiang Wang, Xianglan Zhu, Jinxiu Chen, Yanhui Liu, Qing Mao
Paraganglioma is a chromaffin-cell tumor located at extra-adrenal sites along the sympathetic and/or the parasympathetic chain. Carotid body tumor, which is one of the parasympathetic paragangliomas, also named chemodectomas, originates from similar cells that have parasympathetic innervations and chemoreceptor function. Most of the paragangliomas are benign; however, malignant tumors with aggressive behavior and distant metastasis can also occur. The most common metastatic sites for paraganglioma are local lymph nodes, bone, liver, and lung.1 A review of the literature showed that there were only six reports on paraganglioma with intracranial metastases. Two of these cases were calvarial metastasis, and the other four cases were accompanied with multiple intracerebral metastasis.1–3 The tumor may originate from any location where parasympathetic ganglia can be found. Moreover, adrenal and retroperitoneal paragangliomas have a high incidence for distant metastasis as reported in the literature.2 However, the carotid body as a primary tumor site for an intracranial metastasis has not yet been reported. In this case, the patient had undergone left carotid body tumor resection 2 years ago, and at that time, the tumor was located in the left parietal lobe, which is a common location of intracerebral metastases. To the best of our knowledge, the present case is the first report of intracerebral metastases from carotid body paraganglioma.
Disruption of the network between Onuf’s nucleus and myenteric ganglia, and developing Hirschsprung-like disease following spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage: an experimental study
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2019
Ozgur Caglar, Binali Firinci, Mehmet Dumlu Aydin, Erdem Karadeniz, Ali Ahiskalioglu, Sare Altas Sipal, Murat Yigiter, Ahmet Bedii Salman
According to the classic understanding of the autonomic innervation of human in the lower abdomen, parasympathetic ganglion cells are located near the pelvic viscera and in the pelvic plexus, whereas sympathetic ganglion cells exist along the lumbar and sacralsympathetic trunks [11]. Affection of these nerves lead to sexual and sphincter dysfunction in human [11]. This dysfunction seems to be dependent to damage to the hypogastric nervous plexus. The superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses receive input from sympathetic preganglionic fibres whose cell bodies reside in the intermediolateral cell columns of the lower spinal cord. Same mechanism may be responsible in Hirschprung Disease. The superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses receive input from sympathetic preganglionic fibres whose cell bodies reside in the intermediolateral cell columns of the lower spinal cord [12] or the sacral spinal cord. This cell group was first described in 1899 by Onufrowicz and became as known as Onuf's nucleus. These efferent, preganglionic fibres first leave the spinal cord via the ventral roots of spinal nerves and exit the spinal nerves via the white rami communicantes into the lumbosacral sympathetic chain [12]. Onuf’s nucleus is localized mainly in S3–4 segments. It is composed of organized medium-sized neurons and located in the ventrolateral aspect of the ventral horn of the first sacral segment. Onuf’s nucleus has different cortical afferent connections with contralateral corticospinal tract fibres [13] and contains motorneurons that innervate the pelvic floor muscles, including the external urethral and anal sphincters, and manage micturition, vomiting, defecation, and parturition reflexes [14].