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Cholinergic Antagonists
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Vishal S. Gulecha, Manoj S. Mahajan, Aman Upaganlawar, Abdulla Sherikar, Chandrashekhar Upasani
Most adverse effects of ganglionic blockers are caused by excessive blockade of autonomic ganglia. The adverse drug reactions mostly associated with ganglion blockers are presented in Table 2.11.
The Autonomic Nervous System
Published in Bernard J. Dalens, Jean-Pierre Monnet, Yves Harmand, Pediatric Regional Anesthesia, 2019
Bernard J. Dalens, Jean-Pierre Monnet, Yves Harmand
Postganglionic fibers are still smaller (0.3 to 1.3 μm in diameter) and slower (conduction velocity 0.7 to 2.3 m/s). They are mostly unmyelinated and are known as C fibers. Parasympathetic autonomic ganglia may be divided into two groups: Prevertebral ganglia are aggregations of postganglionic nerve cells adjacent to the abdominal aorta and its visceral branches (see Figure 1.38) and synapse with preganglionic fibers originating from brain stem nuclei.Terminal ganglia are located closely to the organs they innervate and synapse with fibers from sacral nuclei (Figure 1.63). Terminal ganglia of the intestine, the pancreas, the liver, and the kidneys synapse with fibers from the vagus nerve. The intestinal terminal ganglia form the plexus of Meissner (submucosal) and of Auerbach (myenteric) and extend the length of the digestive tract.
Neural Input to the Uterus and Influence on Uterine Contractility
Published in Robert E. Garfield, Thomas N. Tabb, Control of Uterine Contractility, 2019
Raymond E. Papka, Ronald L. Shew
Also, it is apparent that sensory nerves innervate autonomic ganglionic neurons.43 Thus, connections from sensory fibers to autonomic ganglion cells, which have projections back to the endorgan, form local circuits.47 Finally, a concept of chemical coding of inputs to various tissues of an organ is developing.10,15,17 Thus, the axons that project from dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and autonomic ganglia may have chemical codes of connectivity depending on the combination of putative neurotransmitters they contain and the tissue they innervate.
The future of cardioneuroablation in cardiovascular medicine
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2022
Tolga Aksu, Asad Khan, Henry Huang
Cardiac parasympathetic nervous system can be divided into extrinsic (the vagus nerve) and intrinsic parts (GPs) [5]. Presynaptic parasympathetic neurons extend from the central nervous system to sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, both atrial and ventricular myocardium, as well as GPs, via the vagus nerve [17]. Postsynaptic parasympathetic neurons called as autonomic ganglia are distributed mostly within the epicardium. Epicardial autonomic ganglia are usually clustered in the following five major and one minor atrial locations: 1) the superior right atrial GP (RSGP); 2) the inferior (posterior) right atrial GP (RIGP); 3) the superior left atrial GP (LSGP); 4) the posteromedial left atrial GP (PMLGP); 5) the interatrial septal GP consisting of fusion and extensions of RIGP and PMLGP; and 6) the inferior (posterolateral) left atrial GP (LIGP) (Figure 1) [5]. The vein of Marshall is also considered part of the cardiac parasympathetic nervous system (the Marshall tract GP) which innervates surrounding left atrial structures, including the pulmonary veins (PVs), left atrial appendage, and coronary sinus [18].
Disruption of the network between Onuf’s nucleus and myenteric ganglia, and developing Hirschsprung-like disease following spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage: an experimental study
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2019
Ozgur Caglar, Binali Firinci, Mehmet Dumlu Aydin, Erdem Karadeniz, Ali Ahiskalioglu, Sare Altas Sipal, Murat Yigiter, Ahmet Bedii Salman
Intestinal functions are regulated by autonomic nervous system represented by the sympathetic splanchnic nerves, parasympathetic S2–4 roots. Insular cortex (IC) modulate vagal nerve functions, is also a site with autonomic efferent projections [15]. SAH causes ischemic insults to the vagal nerve ganglia [10,16]. The IC and hypothalamo–hypophysial axis together with Onuf’s nucleus are able to integrate inputs coming from the digestive tract [17]. Innervation of colon and rectum are regulated by the autonomic nervous system [18]. As mentioned above, the pelvic autonomic ganglia receive spinal inputs from intestinal and urogenital organs via hypogastric and pelvic nerves [19]. Thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spinal segments receive afferent input from the descending colon and rectum [20]. The sensation of rectal distension travels with the parasympathetic system to S2, S3, and S4. The inferior hypogastric plexus and its rectal branch lesions resemble Hirschsprung disease [21]. Barrington’s nucleus network may have a role in colonic function along with vagal nerves [22].
Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy: an update on diagnosis and treatment
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2018
Shunya Nakane, Akihiro Mukaino, Osamu Higuchi, Mari Watari, Yasuhiro Maeda, Makoto Yamakawa, Keiichi Nakahara, Koutaro Takamatsu, Hidenori Matsuo, Yukio Ando
The autonomic nervous system has a unique anatomic structure (Figure 3). Unlike the somatic motor and sensory systems, the autonomic system is composed of groups of neurons (ganglia) with extensive synaptic connections outside the central nervous system (CNS). Like the somatic motor nerves, peripheral autonomic nerves originate with cholinergic motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord that project to the periphery [3]. These preganglionic nerves synapse with neurons in autonomic ganglia. The peripheral autonomic neurons, especially in the case of the intrinsic enteric autonomic nervous system, also synapse extensively with each other. Fast synaptic transmission within autonomic ganglia is mediated by acetylcholine acting on nAChRs. The gAChR mediates fast synaptic transmission in all ganglia (sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric ganglia) in the peripheral autonomic nervous system.