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Mind
Published in Lisa Zammit, Georgeanne Schopp, Relational Care, 2022
Lisa Zammit, Georgeanne Schopp
The orbitofrontal cortex and medial prefrontal cortex regulate human emotion and social behavior. In other words, large areas of brain are involved in the analysis of data and the emotional response to that process. The Mind is more complex than brain function alone.
Drugs of Abuse and Addiction
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Shalini Mani, Chahat Kubba, Aarushi Singh
Drug addiction is scrutinized as a syndrome of blunt response impediment and distinctive attribution which is actually known as iRISA—impaired response inhibition and salience attribution. The operation of the prefrontal circuits (modulated due to dopamine) decides the four behaviors linked with iRISA syndrome as depicted in Figure 20.3. The prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate are all involved in these behaviors of drug addiction (Goldstein and Volkow, 2002). Because these circuits are operating simultaneously and are interacting with one another, thus any behavior (linked to I-RISA) which takes place involves the joint participation of all of these circuits as can be seen in Figure 20.4.
Biological Basis of Behavior
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
The orbitofrontal cortex has several functions, including control of response inhibition, and modulation of affective and social behavior. It is part of the dopamine-driven reward circuit of the brain and is activated by subjective pleasant or unpleasant taste, olfactory, visual, somatosensory, and auditory stimuli, and thus it is involved in emotion. The orbitofrontal cortex is also activated by abstract stimuli, such as winning or losing money, and its activation can be modulated by cognitive factors. Its cortex is also activated in addicts exposed to drug-related cues. Orbitofrontal lesions can impair reward-related learning, impair face and voice expression identification, and produce personality disorders, including impulsive and disinhibited emotional behavior.
Neural Correlates of Dual-Task Processing following Motor Sequence Learning: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Study
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2023
Nadia Polskaia, Gabrielle St-Amant, Sarah Fraser, Yves Lajoie
Our findings also revealed decreased activity in the right orbitofrontal cortex in the post-test compared to the pre-test for dual-task sequence-4. Correspondingly, HbR revealed reduced activation in the orbitofrontal cortex. This contradicts several neuroimaging studies that have shown increased activation of the orbitofrontal cortex following motor sequence practice (Jackson et al., 2003; Lafleur et al., 2002; Penhune & Doyon, 2002). Interestingly, a similar increase in activation was observed in our single-task study for sequence-4 (Polskaia et al., 2020), although significance was not found between sessions. The difference in our present findings may relate to the concurrent performance of the visual letter-counting task. We suspect that greater attention was placed on the visual task in post-test, and as a result, did not require significant activation of the orbitofrontal cortex. Additionally, the medial orbitofrontal cortex has been suggested to be involved in selecting a stimuli and/or response according to a correctness or reward value (Elliott et al., 2000). The visual letter-counting task likely provided minimal intrinsic reward, and therefore, did not require significant activation of the orbitofrontal cortex. Conversely, dual-task sequence-12 revealed increased activation of the orbitofrontal cortex in the post-test, however, the comparison failed to reach significance. It is possible that the challenge of the motor task still produced responses with great intrinsic reward. At this time, these are working hypotheses that will require further examination.
Recognition of Facial Expressions of Emotion and Depressive Symptoms among Caregivers with Different Levels of Empathy
Published in Clinical Gerontologist, 2022
Madson Alan Maximiano-Barreto, Ana Julia de Lima Bomfim, Marina Miranda Borges, Amanda Barros de Moura, Bruna Moretti Luchesi, Marcos Hortes Nisihara Chagas
From the biological standpoint, there are no studies that directly describe the association between empathy and the recognition of the expression of sadness. However, there is evidence that structures such as the anterior insula, orbitofrontal cortex, and amygdala are related to the recognition of emotions (Phillips et al., 2003). Specifically, the activation of the amygdala has been observed during the recognition of sadness (Goldin et al., 2005). Empathy, especially in its affective domain, appears to activate the same region of the brain (Decety & Jackson, 2004). The insula is another activated brain structure in empathetic individuals (Rizzolatti & Craighero, 2004) and those who experience sadness (Esperidião-Antonio et al., 2008). Therefore, a possible hypothesis for the association between these variables would be the activation of the amygdala and insula in both cases.
BST-1 as a serum protein biomarker involved in neutrophil infiltration in schizophrenia
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2022
Liang-Jen Wang, Yu-Chi Huang, Pao-Yen Lin, Yu Lee, Chi-Fa Hung, Su-Ting Hsu, Lien-Hung Huang, Sung-Chou Li
Proteomics contribute to the understanding of the biochemical basis of schizophrenia at the cellular and tissue level by identifying differentially expressed proteins, either in brain tissue or in peripheral blood (Steiner et al. 2017). Previous studies that used iTRAQ profiling have identified several proteomic markers of schizophrenia (Velasquez et al. 2017; Gupta et al. 2019; Velasquez et al. 2019; Yang et al. 2020). However, our study did not replicate the findings of these aforementioned human studies. It is worth noting that some such studies used post-mortem orbitofrontal cortex as their study samples (Velasquez et al. 2017; Velasquez et al. 2019). Furthermore, one study (Gupta et al. 2019) used CSF for iTRAQ-based comparative proteomic experiments for not only schizophrenia but also Parkinson's disease. Therefore, the different findings between studies may be attributed to methodological discrepancies regarding study populations and targeted tissues.