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Motor Areas in the Frontal Lobe: The Anatomical Substrate for the Central Control of Movement
Published in Alexa Riehle, Eilon Vaadia, Motor Cortex in Voluntary Movements, 2004
Richard P. Dum, Peter L. Strick
FIGURE 1.11 Topography within the cerebello-thalamocortical circuit. (A) Dentate output channels. The origins of the peak density of dentate projections to selected cortical areas are labeled. (B) Selected cortical targets of cerebello-thalamocortical circuits. The shading identifies cortical regions (lateral hemisphere only) that project to the cerebellum via the pons.221-224 (C) Origin of selected cortical projections from the ventrolateral thalamus. The cortical regions indicated receive input from regions of the ventrolateral thalamus that lie within the termination zone of cerebellar efferents. The thalamus has been turned upside down to indicate the match between its topography and that of the dentate. Abbreviations: see Figures 1.1, 1.3, and 1.4; CM/Re: nucleus centrum medianum/nucleus reuniens; IPS: intraparietal sulcus; MD: nucleus medialis dorsalis; VLcc: caudal portion of the nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars caudalis; VPI: nucleus ventralis posterior inferior; VPLo: nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis, pars oralis; X: Area X. (Adapted with permission from Reference 232.)
Motor behavior-induced prefrontal cortex activation and episodic memory function
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Paul D. Loprinzi, Lindsay Crawford, Damien Moore, Jeremiah Blough, Grace Burnett, Morgan Chism, Gina Robinson
Experiment 3 provides some suggestive insight into the mechanistic role of acute exercise on episodic memory function. That is, from Experiment 3, we show that acute, moderate-intensity exercise increases PFC oxygenation. This finding may be of importance due to the functional role the PFC plays in memory formation and retrieval. In short, the PFC is involved in the formation of schemas and memory consolidation and guiding memory retrieval by using relevant context. The PFC projects into the hippocampus, thereby enhancing communication regarding newly acquired sensory information. Furthermore, the PFC connection to the SMC may also benefit from the increased neural activity as indicated by the increase in PFC oxygenation. The PFC contributes to memory retrieval by controlling the subcortical route through the thalamus (nucleus reuniens), which leads to the hippocampus (reviewed in detail elsewhere) [68]. Therefore, saccadic eye movement and acute moderate-intensity exercise may improve long-term episodic memory (Experiment 1) and enhance oxygenation of the PFC (Experiments 2 and 3), indicating increased neural activity/communication between the PFC, hippocampus and SMC. The enhanced connectivity between the structures may improve contextual representations linking related memories while using these contextual representations to retrieve the memories within a spatial-temporal period. These findings align with a recent review demonstrating elevated brain oxygenation with moderate-intensity exercise [72]. That is, at the global brain level (not necessarily delimited to the PFC), moderate-intensity acute exercise has the greatest effect on cerebral perfusion [72]. This effect appears to occur during normoxia, acute hypoxia, and chronic hypoxia [72].
Thalamic neuromodulation in epilepsy: A primer for emerging circuit-based therapies
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
Bryan Zheng, David D. Liu, Brian B Theyel, Hael Abdulrazeq, Anna R. Kimata, Peter M Lauro, Wael F. Asaad
Physiologic evidence of thalamic midline nucleus reuniens involvement in seizures was demonstrated in rat models of medial temporal lobe epilepsy[220]. Although relatively small, the midline nucleus reuniens mediates connections between specific hippocampal structures (CA1) and medial prefrontal cortex[216,221,222]. While limited in its conclusions, an SEEG study of three patients demonstrated recruitment of the midline thalamus in seizure initiation[223].