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Principles of cognitive rehabilitation in TBI: An integrative neuroscience approach
Published in Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda, Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Fofi Constantinidou, Robin D. Thomas
Neurobiological research on learning suggests that repetition enhances learning. We could assert that systematic, hierarchical restorative training as part of a CR program could facilitate adaptive neuronal sprouting occurring during the spontaneous recovery process. Furthermore, CR would provide environmental support and stimulation that will facilitate central nervous system functional reorganization as part of the recovery process. As neuroimaging techniques improve, future research may provide clear information on the extent of neuronal reorganization and CR after TBI.
Gambogic amide, a selective TrkA agonist, does not improve outcomes from traumatic brain injury in mice
Published in Brain Injury, 2018
Maddison R Johnstone, Mujun Sun, Caroline J Taylor, Rhys D Brady, Brian L Grills, Jarrod E Church, Sandy R Shultz, Stuart J McDonald
Neuronal and synaptic changes can begin in the hippocampus and cortex within 72 h of TBI (67). Neuronal sprouting is associated with elevations in mRNA and protein expression of GAP-43, synapsin, synaptophysin and agrin (67–71). GAP-43 is a marker of axonal cone formation during neurite sprouting (72), whereas synapsin, synaptophysin and agrin are markers of synaptogenesis (67,69,73). We report that GAP-43, synapsin and synaptophysin mRNA expression were not significantly altered in response to LFPI in the IC or IH at 72 h post-injury. This finding may be attributed to the early time-point analysed, with a previous study finding increased hippocampal synaptophysin and GAP-43 mRNA expression at 28- but not 7-days post-FPI (70). We did however find an effect of TBI on the expression of agrin, a protein associated with synaptogenesis that has similarly been shown to be up-regulated at 7 days post-FPI. Taken together, these findings suggest agrin may be a suitable marker of the early sprouting phase of synaptogenesis post-TBI (69). Finally, though several studies have shown NGF induces synaptogenesis and neurite outgrowth (35,74–76), we observed no effect of GA treatment on markers of these processes at 72 h post-injury. These preliminary findings, together with our behavioural findings, suggest GA may not increase neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis in the acute stages post-TBI; however, further analysis featuring multiple time-points and protein markers are required, particularly considering development and reestablishment of functioning circuits can take multiple weeks post-injury (77,78). Therefore, analysis of GA treatment on TBI long-term may reveal positive effects on neurogenesis and behavioural outcomes.
Neuroanatomical and electrophysiological recovery in the contralateral intact cortex following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats
Published in Neurological Research, 2018
Sheng-Yang Huang, Chih-Han Chang, Hsin-Yi Hung, Yu-Wen Lin, E-Jian Lee
Another main concern after ischemic stroke is the occurrence of neuroplasticity, which can be induced immediately after ischemic stroke and can persist for several months. Neuronal sprouting, myelin regeneration, dendritic spine density, arborization, as well as synaptic connections, with neuroplasticity [9–11]. Although electrophysiological and neuroanatomical plasticity is well investigated in the hippocampus, it remains controversial in the contralateral intact neocortex [12]. The long-term electrophysiological recovery and neuroanatomical plasticity after ischemic stroke in the contralateral hemisphere and intact brain are less understood.
Application of amniotic membrane in reconstructive urology; the promising biomaterial worth further investigation
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2019
Jan Adamowicz, Shane Van Breda, Dominik Tyloch, Marta Pokrywczynska, Tomasz Drewa
AM was demonstrated to release Interleukin-6 (Il-6) into the surrounding environment gradually [48]. Besides Il-6 being a cardinal proinflammatory cytokine, it also regulates metabolic, regenerative, and neural processes. Documented Il-6 contribution towards neuronal regeneration is particularly interesting for urological tissue engineering. Currently, there is not any solution aimed to induce neuronal sprouting toward the reconstructed region of urinary tracts [49].