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Chemosensory Disorders and Nutrition
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Carl M. Wahlstrom, Alan R. Hirsch, Bradley W. Whitman
Zinc has undergone the peripatetic course as the standard-bearer for the treatment of smell and taste disorders. The zeitgeist of zinc was in the 1960s and 1970s when a series of articles suggested its efficacy in a wide range of chemosensory disorders (Schechter, Friedewald, Bronzert, Raff, and Henkin 1972; Henkin, Keiser, Jaffee, Sternlieb, and Scheinberg 1967; Henkin and Bradley 1969). Zinc was originally used during the polio epidemic in an attempt to prevent the spread of the disease to victims’ families (Peet, Echols, and Richter 1937). Family members were treated intranasally to destroy the receptor neuroepithelium. The stratagem was effective only for several months, since stem cells proliferated and underwent transformation into fully developed bipolar olfactory receptor cells, thus allowing the treated persons again to be exposed to the poliovirus. This effect of zinc was the basis for the idea of using zinc on the stem cells of patients with anosmia to stimulate the development of bipolar olfactory receptor cells.
The nervous system and the eye
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
James A.R. Nicoll, William Stewart, Fiona Roberts
The central nervous system (CNS), i.e. the brain and the spinal cord, is composed of two types of tissues, both involved in disease processes. The first consists of the highly specialized nerve cells (neurons) and the neuroglial cells, all of which are neuroepithelial in origin. The second comprises the meninges, the blood vessels and their supporting connective tissue, all derived from mesoderm, and the microglia (immune cells).
Hyperthermia and Teratogenicity
Published in Leopold J. Anghileri, Jacques Robert, Hyperthermia In Cancer Treatment, 2019
Figures 1 through 8 illustrate the sequence of events by which hyperthermia for approximately 30 min on gestation Days 9 or 11 produces head and CNS malformations in the rat fetus. Figure 1 illustrates the early development of the head in a normal gestation Day-9 rat embryo. The neuroepithelium has not yet closed to form the neural tube. Figure 2 depicts the head of an embryo after 4 hr of hyperthermia on gestation Day 9. Extensive cell death is evident from the large number of pyknotic cells present, especially in the neuroepithelium. In Figure 3, a section through the head of a normal gestation Day-10 embryo, the neuroepithelium has almost closed to form the neural tube. Cellular proliferation is intense, especially in the neuroepithelium. In Figure 4, a section through the head of a gestation Day-10 embryo which was hyperthermic 24 hr earlier, the neural tube is open and cellular proliferation is significantly reduced compared to the untreated Day-10 embryo. Anterior neural tube closure never occurs, and subsequent disruption of normal embryonic development leads to the formation of an anencephalic or exencephalic fetus with accompanying severe cranial and facial defects (Figures 5 to 7). Figure 8 illustrates a different spectrum of malformations produced when a rat embryo is subjected to the same hyperthermia treatment on gestation Day 11.
Investigational drugs for the treatment of olfactory dysfunction
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2022
Arianna Di Stadio, Cinzia Severini, Andrea Colizza, Marco De Vincentiis, Ignazio La Mantia
The neuroepithelium is connected through the axons of the ORN to the olfactory bulb, which contains glomerulus, mitral cells and tufted relay neurons. The axons converge in the glomerulus to form the first cranial nerve (olfactory nerve). The glomerulus is connected by synapses to the mitral cells; the latter together with the tufted relay neurons forms the olfactory tract. This structure bifurcates in the medial and lateral olfactory stria (y inverted-shaped). The olfactory stimulus is conducted through these structures up to the piriform cortex, the periamygdaloid cortex, the olfactory tuberculosis and the anterior olfactory nucleus. The primary olfactory cortex is formed by the medial and lateral olfactory stria and the anterior perforated substance. The lateral olfactory stria is extended posteriorly giving origin to the entorhinal area which, together with the uncus, forms the secondary olfactory cortex, also known as the orbitofrontal cortex (Figure 2). This area is straightly related to memory. The primary cortex is responsible for the active perception of the sense of smell, while the secondary one is the portion where the smell perception is integrated with emotions and memory.
Tunical Gliomatosis: An Uncommon Histological Entity
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2022
Sabita Patra, Subhankar Chakravorty, Uttara Chatterjee, Koushik Saha
In this case, there was immature renal tissue present in addition to the commonly found primitive neuroepithelium. Immaturity in teratomas is usually diagnosed by the presence of primitive neuroepithelium. Other less described morphological forms of immaturity include blastomatous-type stroma surrounding small, immature glands; or blastomatous tissue of fetal kidney/lung [10]. The presence of immature renal tissue (IRT) in a teratomas is a less documented phenomenon [4,11,12]. Although most of the reported cases of IRT are with teratomas, sometimes it is seen in association with spinal dysraphism. In the largest series; comprising 13 cases of IRT, 10 cases were associated with teratomas. Of these, 9 were in the sacro-coccygeal/retro-peritoneal compartment and 1 was a gastric teratoma [13]. The prognostic impact of teratomas containing immature renal tissue is uncertain owing to their infrequency.
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: mechanistic insights from targeting IL-4 and IL-13 via IL-4Rα inhibition with dupilumab
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2020
IL-4 is implicated in the decreased expression of epithelial tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occludens in CRSwNP that leads to loss of epithelial integrity [64]. Recent data, generated using genome wide analysis of single cell RNA expression from nasal polyp tissue has confirmed that epithelial cells exist in an inflammatory state compared with normal nasal tissue epithelium [65]. A form of epithelial basal cell hyperplasia occurs, and such structural stems cells do not undergo a normal differentiation trajectory into further epithelial subsets such as glandular and ciliated cell types. This suggests such epithelium will be intrinsically unable to fulfil function such as host defense, generate functional secretions and will be vulnerable to environmental injury. It is also likely that differentiation into more sophisticated olfactory neuroepithelium is impaired. Such basal epithelial cells demonstrated IL-4 and IL-13 transcriptome specific signatures, suggesting that it is not only immune cells that retain immune memory. Active expression of genes of the cell signaling pathway Wnt that controls cell differentiation was particularly high among the IL-4 and IL-13 responsive memory signatures identified [65]. At least in allergic T2 asthma, airway epithelium is an important source of pro-inflammatory remodeling cytokines, not just IL-4 and IL-13 but also growth factors such as TGF-β1, activin-A and bone morphogenetic proteins [4,66,67]. IL-4 and IL-13 induced epithelial activation can thus lead to amplification of both the inflammatory and remodeling processes in airway tissue.