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The role of the clinical psychologist in the assessment, diagnosis and management of patients with dementia
Published in Stephen Curran, John P. Wattis, Practical Management of Dementia, 2018
Another problem in the use of intelligence tests to detect dementia is that for most people being assessed there will be no accurate indication as to the pre-morbid level of intelligence, and without some indication of this it is difficult to say if any decline in IQ has occurred based on an assessment of current IQ. Various methods of determining pre-morbid IQ have been suggested but the most satisfactory so far has proved to be the National Adult Reading Test (NART). This was originally developed in 1978,7 but has been subsequently updated. Fuller discussions of the use of the NART to estimate pre-morbid intelligence are provided elswhere.8,9
MRCPsych Paper A1 Mock Examination 3: Answers
Published in Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri, Get Through, 2016
Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger CM Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri
Explanation: The National Adult Reading Test is a reading test consisting of phonetically irregular words that have to be read aloud by the subject. If a patient suffers deterioration in intellectual abilities, their premorbid vocabulary may remain less affected or unaffected. The NART could thus be used to estimate the premorbid IQ.
Neurological Investigations
Published in John Greene, Ian Bone, Understanding Neurology a problem-orientated approach, 2007
Intelligence is thought to be the ultimate expression of cognitive ability. The most widely used measure of intelligence is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). This comprises various subtests. Verbal scales comprise information, digit span, vocabulary, arithmetic, comprehension, and similarities, while performance scales comprise picture completion, picture arrangement, block design, object assembly, and digit symbol. Given that a patient’s current performance may reflect impairment due to neurological disease, it is also worthwhile trying to estimate premorbid IQ (intelligence quotient). One such measure is the National Adult Reading Test (NART). This utilizes the fact that IQ is correlated with the ability to pronounce irregular words, e.g. pint. It was previously thought that this ability to pronounce words is insensitive to cerebral damage, and thus provides a measure of premorbid IQ. Concerns arise, however, that semantic memory impairment (as occurs in many neurodegenerative illnesses such as Alzheimer’s disease) can lead to a surface dyslexia, which results in mispronunciation of irregular words, thus leading to a false underestimate of premorbid IQ.
Effects of Musical Mnemonics on Working Memory Performance in Cognitively Unimpaired Young and Older Adults
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2023
Marije W. Derks-Dijkman, Rebecca S. Schaefer, Maartje L. Stegeman, Ilse D. A. van Tilborg, Roy P. C. Kessels
In OA, general cognitive functioning was assessed with the MoCA (Nasreddine et al., 2005). To estimate the premorbid verbal intelligence level in all participants, the Dutch version of the National Adult Reading Test (NART) was administered (Schmand, Bakker, Saan, & Louman, 1991). As descriptive measure of WM functioning, the Digit Span subtest of the WAIS-IV (Wechsler, 2008) was administered. Musical sophistication was assessed with two perceptual tests (Beat Perception and Melody Memory) and the Self-Report Inventory of the Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index v1.0 (Gold-MSI, Müllensiefen et al., 2014). The questionnaire comprised 31 statements on musical engagement and behavior and some additional questions (e.g., number of musical instruments played, formal music training, number of hours listening to music per day) and consisted of the subscales Active Involvement, Perceptual Skills, Musical Training, Emotions, and Singing Skills and a general index; General Sophistication. The English version of the questionnaire has good psychometric properties.
A Systematic Review of Cognitive Function in Adults with Spina Bifida
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2021
Sarika Sachdeva, Michaela Z. Kolarova, Bronwen E. Foreman, Samantha J. Kaplan, Joan M. Jasien
12 of the 24 studies analyzed in this review included IQ cutoffs in inclusion or exclusion criteria. 11 of these 12 studies excluded patients with scores of less than 70 on Full Scale IQ, VIQ, and/or PIQ. The IQ scales utilized included the WAIS-R, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Fourth Edition, the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, and the National Adult Reading Test. The high proportion of studies that exclude patients with lower IQ scores could skew the results of this review in favor of high-functioning adults with SBM. These exclusions also suggest that there is a lack of data in the population of adults with SBM who have more severe cognitive deficits. Another limitation involves the use of identical or overlapping patient populations in multiple studies. Barnes, Dennis, & Hetherington (2004), Dennis & Barnes (2002), and Hetherington et al. (2006) used the same population of 31 young adults. Jenkinson et al. (2009), Jenkinson et al. (2011), and Ellenbogen et al. (2013) conducted studies with the same population of 21 adults. Finally, Stubberud (2014), Stubberud (2013), and Stubberud (2017) utilized the same populations. Because of this decreased variability, the sample may not be representative of the general population of adults with SB.
The relationship between physical activity, clinical and cognitive characteristics and BDNF mRNA levels in patients with severe mental disorders
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2019
Monica Aas, Srdjan Djurovic, Torill Ueland, Ragni H. Mørch, Jannicke Fjæra Laskemoen, Elina J Reponen, Annamaria Cattaneo, Nils Eiel Steen, Ingrid Agartz, Ingrid Melle, Ole A. Andreassen
The neurocognitive assessments were carried out by psychologists trained in standardised neuropsychological testing. A 3-h test battery was administered in a fixed order with two breaks with refreshments. The neuropsychological battery was composed as follows: memory was measured using the Logical Memory test at immediate and delayed (30 min) time points (Wechsler 2007); working memory was measured using the Letter-Number Sequencing, Digit Span forwards, and Digit Span backwards (Wechsler 2003); executive function was measured using the Verbal Fluency Test (Delis-Kaplan Executive Function Scale [D-KEFS]) including phonetic fluency and semantic fluency; general intellectual abilities/performance abilities (perception and visuospatial abilities) were measured using the Block Design task and the Matrix Reasoning from the WASI (Wechsler 2007); Verbal abilities were measured by Similarities and the Vocabulary from the WASI (Wechsler 2007). The National Adult Reading Test (NART) was used to assess premorbid cognitive functioning (Vaskinn and Sundet 2001).