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Seeing is Believing
Published in Adam Gledhill, Dale Forsdyke, The Psychology of Sports Injury, 2021
Principles of psychophysiology suggest that physiological changes in the body bring about changes in psychological-emotional states, and vice-versa (Green et al., 1979). Thanks in part to the advent of electromyography, electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging, we are now better placed to understand a lot the potential reasons behind the benefits of imagery. For example, Ang et al. (2014) noted that imagery has the potential to restore motor function by inducing activity-dependent brain plasticity, whilst it has also been noted that imagery influences brain activations during motor imagery of locomotor-related tasks (e.g. Malouin et al., 2003). When creating/recreating a movement via imagery, imagery activates the same neural mechanisms that are associated with actual perception, motor control and emotions of movement (Holmes & Collins, 2001; Jeannerod, 1994; Sharma & Baron, 2013). Imagery can also elicit neuromuscular patterning which innervates targeted muscles in the same way, albeit to a lesser degree, as physically performing movements (Lebon et al., 2012; Suinn, 1972). Finally, imagery use is also shown to influence levels of noradrenaline and dopamine (Maddison et al., 2012), which may be important throughout the healing process. Collectively, these points provide a wealth of evidence to support the notion that imagery ‘works’ and have informed suggestions that imagery training may well be a helpful adjunct to physical therapy during injury rehabilitation and when aiming to prevent re-injury risk (e.g. Gledhill et al., 2018; Lebon et al., 2012; Zach et al., 2018).
Mind the Traps! Design Guidelines for Rigorous BCI Experiments
Published in Chang S. Nam, Anton Nijholt, Fabien Lotte, Brain–Computer Interfaces Handbook, 2018
Camille Jeunet, Stefan Debener, Fabien Lotte, Jérémie Mattout, Reinhold Scherer, Catharina Zich
The variety of types of mental states that can be used within BCIs has led to classify BCIs from active over reactive up to passive (Mühl et al. 2009; Zander and Kothe 2011). As raised in Section 32.1, active BCIs require direct and conscious modulation of brain activity, whereby external stimulations serve at most as cues. Motor imagery, the mental imagination of movements, is a prominent active BCI paradigm (Pfurtscheller et al. 1997). Contrariwise, reactive BCIs rely on the indirect modulation of brain activity as a reaction to an external stimulation. Well-known examples for reactive BCIs are the P300 speller (De Vos et al. 2014; Farwell and Donchin 1988) and BCIs that are based on steady-state visual/somatosensory evoked potentials (Lalor et al. 2005; Müller-Putz et al. 2005, 2006). Finally, passive BCIs use brain activity arising without the users’ conscious modulation or without external stimulation, such as in the detection of error potentials (Zander and Kothe 2011). Additionally, different kinds of BCIs can be combined together, to make what is called a hybrid BCI (see Pfurtscheller et al. 2010 and Chapter 27 [“Hybrid Brain–Computer Interfaces and Their Applications”]). Given a BCI application, it is advisable to use the mental state that optimally balances accuracy and speed for the target application.
The motor–cognitive connection
Published in Romain Meeusen, Sabine Schaefer, Phillip Tomporowski, Richard Bailey, Physical Activity and Educational Achievement, 2017
Nadja Schott, Thomas Klotzbier
Motor imagery (MI) is a widely used experimental paradigm for the study of cognitive aspects of action planning and control and embodied cognition (Gabbard, 2012). It is described as an active cognitive process during which the representation of a specific action is internally reproduced in working memory without any overt motor output from a first-person perspective (Decety & Grèzes, 1999). Several studies suggest that MI processes are likely present in early childhood, evidenced by the speed–accuracy trade-off in imagined movements (e.g. hand laterality judgement paradigm) of young children aged approximately 7 years, although this relationship is more evident in older children (Funk, Brugger, & Wilkening, 2005). Imagined movement durations become closer to actual execution durations as a child ages (Caeyenberghs, Wilson, van Roon, Swinnen, & Smits-Engelsman, 2009; Smits-Engelsman & Wilson, 2013) and MI accuracy is gradually refined during development, with 11-year-olds significantly more accurate than 7- and 8-year-olds (Toussaint, Tahej, Thibaut, Possamai, & Badets, 2013), suggesting that there is ongoing refinement of action simulation processes in childhood.
Estimation Error Consisting of Motor Imagery and Motor Execution in Patients with Stroke
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2023
Katsuya Sakai, Yuichiro Hosoi, Yusuke Harada, Yumi Ikeda
Motor imagery involves the mental generation of kinesthetic and visual perceptual representations of movement in the absence of movement execution (Decety, 1996; Jeannerod, 1994). The regions of brain activity during motor imagery have been reported to be similar to those during motor execution (Hardwick et al., 2018; Hétu et al., 2013). The reported regions of brain activity during motor imagery include the premotor area and supplemental motor areas, superior and inferior parietal lobes, putamen, and cerebellum, and those during motor execution comprise the primary motor area, supplemental motor area, premotor area, and primary somatosensory areas, putamen, and cerebellum (Hardwick et al., 2018; Hétu et al., 2013). Thus, similar brain regions are activated during motor imagery and execution.
The effect of kinesiophobia on functional outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery: an integrated literature review
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
It is important to acknowledge ways in which physiotherapists can help their patients overcome kinesiophobia, although not the main focus of this study. Whilst this is an under-documented area of research, there are some studies that address strategies used to reduce the risk of kinesiophobia limiting post-operative functional outcomes. Supporting patients pre-ACLR both physically and psychologically can address risk factors like kinesiophobia and improve outcomes [60]. Prehabilitation may help reduce the asymmetries in quadriceps strength post-operatively [44,60]. Another review found that some studies showed the benefits of using motor imagery to improve clinical outcomes, although further research is needed in this area [61,62]. Mahood et al. [63] found in a qualitative study that graded sports exposure was strategy participants used to help manage their kinesiophobia with regards to RTS.
Resolution of chronic lower back pain symptoms through high-intensity therapeutic exercise and motor imagery program: a case-report
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Jorge Ribas, Maria Armanda Gomes, António Mesquita Montes, Cláudia Ribas, José Alberto Duarte
The absence of behavioral patterns and pain in standing and sitting positions revealed a good postural adaptation and an absence of pain in the patient. Her improved muscle strength was a sign of increased ability to produce force in association with load and a significant decrease in muscle spasms was noted in the lumbar region, associated with a better range of motion in the cervical and lumbar regions. Posture changes, muscular strength, and the claudication-free gait acquired during the program were the most important functional acquisitions. Somewhat unexpectedly, these improvements continued through to follow up. These favorable and stable modifications support the claim that an intervention with high-intensity therapeutic exercise associated with motor imagery training promotes the development of new brain pathways, which in turn decreases pain perception and improves the functional perception of movement.