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Assessment of fetal brain abnormalities
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
In cases with progressive hydrocephalus, there may be seven stages of progression: (i) increased fluid collection of lateral ventricles, (ii) increased intracranial pressure, (iii) dangling choroid plexus, (iv) disappearance of subarachnoid space, (v) excessive extension of the dura and superior sagittal sinus, (vi) disappearance of venous pulsation, and finally (vii) enlarged skull (24). In general, both hydro-cephalus and ventriculomegaly are still evaluated by the measurement of biparietal diameter and AW in transabdominal axial section.
Central Nervous System and Facial Development
Published in Mary C. Peavey, Sarah K. Dotters-Katz, Ultrasound of Mouse Fetal Development and Human Correlates, 2021
Mary C. Peavey, Sarah K. Dotters-Katz
The brain undergoes dynamic change and growth during the second trimester. From 11 weeks gestation, the choroid plexuses, seen as brightly echogenic structures, fill the large lateral ventricles and early in the second trimester are the most prominent structures. The size of the lateral ventricles are reliably measured after 17 weeks (27). The first projections from the thalamus to cortex will begin to appear from 12 to 16 weeks gestation, and reliably measured via ultrasound from 20 weeks and onward (28). The cerebellum can be imaged from 19 to 20 weeks onward. In general, unless major structural anomalies are present, abnormalities are often not identified until after 20–22 weeks, as structures are not yet fully developed before this timeframe.
Developmental Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
James H. Tonsgard, Nikolas Mata-Machado
Hydrocephalus caused by SEGAs obstructing CSF outflow from the lateral ventricles can be a major problem. Traditionally, SEGAs producing obstruction were treated surgically; however, trials of mTOR inhibitors indicate that as many as 77% of patients demonstrate a response of 30% or more tumor shrinkage. This suggests that hydrocephalus and SEGAs may ultimately effectively be treated with chemotherapy. Regular brain imaging is important to identify growth of SEGAs and then treat patients with rapalogs.
Decline of stress resilience in aging rats: Focus on choroid plexus-cerebrospinal fluid-hippocampus
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2023
Kaige Liu, Huizhen Li, Ningxi Zeng, Wenjun Lu, Xiaofeng Wu, Hanfang Xu, Can Yan, Lili Wu
Choroid plexus (CP), a highly vascularised tissue, is the major site of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production. Stress and ageing can both result in morphologic changes in CP, including volume reduction, cellular atrophy, microvilli shortening, thickening of the basement membrane, and so on (Kaur et al. 2016; Kratzer et al. 2020). Low expression of receptors and transporters on CP may induce transport dysregulation, and thus affect CSF constituents (Wu et al. 2020). During normal ageing, CSF exhibits reduced production and increased circulation resistance, with downregulated neurotrophins (Lugert et al. 2017). Physiologically, hippocampus is adjacent to the lateral ventricles. CSF composition can act directly on hippocampus, proceeding to changes in hippocampal structure and function, such as regulating neurogenesis, neuronal survival, and synaptic plasticity (Ziegler et al. 2015).
Pseudo-Roberts Syndrome: An Entity or Not?
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2022
Behzad Salari, Louis P. Dehner
Autopsy findings included: (a) respiratory system with hypoplastic lungs, bilobed right lung (3.7 g), and unilobed left lung (3.0 g; combined normal = 27.4 ± 8.4 g [4]); (b) cardiovascular system with double outlet right ventricle, ventricular septal defect (Fig. 3), right ventricle hypertrophy (right ventricle wall thickness: 5.0 mm; normal 1.8–3.8 mm), pulmonary artery atresia (also known as pulmonary atresia) and pulmonary arteries branching from ductus arteriosus (Fig. 4), and bicuspid aortic valve (aortic circumference: 1.9 cm; normal 1.0–1.6 cm [5]); (c) gastrointestinal system with narrowed left colon and retrodisplaced anus (Fig. 5); (d) genitourinary system with severe hypospadias with small penile remnant and labial scrotum (Fig. 6); (e) central nervous system showing asymmetrical dilatation of lateral ventricles (right > left).
The great family of cerebral ventricles: Some intruders in the portrait gallery
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2021
Torkildsen’s procedure was similar to da Vinci’s. It consisted of first inserting blunt brain needles into the anterior, occipital, and temporal horns of the lateral ventricle. Melted paraffin was then injected into the needle, penetrating the anterior horn as cerebrospinal fluid and air escaped through the other two needles. The brain tissue was removed after the paraffin had solidified, and the paraffin cast was then placed in plaster of Paris that was heated sufficiently to melt the paraffin. This left an empty space in the shape of the ventricles, which was filed with lead to create a solid cast of the ventricular system (Torkildsen and Penfield 1933; Torkildsen 1934; Figure 1). Measurements of the lateral ventricles were taken along seven axes and averaged, and normally occurring variations were noted.