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Assessment of fetal brain abnormalities
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Intracranial hemorrhage includes subdural hemorrhage, primary subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebellar hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, and intraparenchymal hemorrhage other than cerebellar hemorrhage (63). Hydro-cephalus, hydranencephaly, porencephaly, and/or microcephaly are possible secondary complications, which are often detectable by imaging studies. Unilateral ventriculomegaly due to cerebral hemorrhage and fresh intracerebral hemorrhage is shown in Figure 10. The hyperechoic lesion is changing into porencephaly in a short period.
Organ Transplants and Anencephalic Infants
Published in David Lamb, Organ Transplants and Ethics, 2020
The terms anencephaly, hydranencephaly, and microcephaly refer to distinct clinical conditions, and these differences can be reflected in their respective survival rates and quality of life. Although there are no prospects of improvement in any of these states, and in some of the more extreme cases (though not always) the condition may be lethal, to focus attention solely on non-improvement is to blur fundamental differences and risk stepping into conceptual and clinical indeterminacy. Says Capron: ‘Whatever their clinical differences from anencephalic babies, hydranencephalic and some microcephalic infants are conceptually indistinguishable if the characteristics separating anencephalics from normal children is their lethal neurological condition’ (ibid:7).
Cranial and Facial Defects
Published in Asim Kurjak, CRC Handbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2019
Differential diagnosis of hydrocephalus includes primarily hidranencephaly and holo-prosencephaly. The first anomaly results from the occlusion of the internal carotid arteries in uterowith consequent cerebral hemisphere necrosis and liquefication. The sonographic appearance of hydranencephaly is characterized by the visualization of the midbrain, the brain stem, and posterior fossa structures surrounded with fluid-filled space (Figure 12). The choroid plexus is occasionally visualized floating in the fluid. Hydranencephaly can be distinguished from hydrocephalus because of the complete absence of the cortical mantle, while in most severe hydrocephalus cases, some cortical mantle can be identified.
Stretching beyond our perceived boundaries: The role of speech-language pathology in realising autonomy through supported decision-making
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2023
Drawing from studies with children with hydranencephaly, in which the cerebral cortex is destroyed in utero, Solms have found that despite an absence of the cortex, these children demonstrate discriminative awareness, evidenced through conscious actions such as: social interaction; spatial orientation; showing musical, taste, sound, and tactile preference; and affective responses to experiences (Solms, 2022). The role of the cortex is to make sense of this emotional consciousness by responding to feelings generated in the brain stem, learning from them, and using them to inform decisions as to whether an activity is worth doing again or not. Such studies have led to the growing hypothesis that the seat of consciousness is not in the cortex, but rather a function of the brain stem. In other words, they claim that consciousness is subcortical, not cortical, and therefore, people with cortical damage, such as people with PIMD, possess emotional consciousness and can, therefore, express preference. With support from people who know them well, these expressions of preference can be built into choices and decisions, and by so doing realise their autonomy and, therefore, their personhood (Solms, 2015, 2022; Solms & Panksepp, 2012; Solms & Turnbull, 2018).
Cavum septum pellucidum nomogram during the second trimester of pregnancy
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Resul Arisoy, Suat Karatas, Altug Semiz, Fatih Sanlıkan, Murat Yayla
In cases without CSP, other brain structures, especially the CC, falx cerebri, lateral ventricles, cerebellum, and cisterna magna should be evaluated in detail, and anomalies such as CC agenesis, holoprosencephaly, severe hydrocephalus, septo-optic dysplasia, schizencephaly, and hydranencephaly should be excluded (Malinger et al. 2005; Malinger et al. 2012; Paladini et al. 2013). Maligner et al. emphasised that cases without CSP may not always be associated with CC agenesis and may be isolated. They also reported that isolated CSP agenesis could be considered as a variant of normal (Malinger et al. 2005). Ben M'Barek et al. emphasised that the neurological outcomes of cases with isolated CSP agenesis in the antenatal period are good, but there is a 20% risk of septo-optic dysplasia in the neonatal period (Ben M'Barek et al. 2020).
Efficacy of Prenatal Ultrasound in Craniospinal Malformations According to Fetopathological and Postnatal Neonatological, Pathological Results
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2018
Fanni Rebeka Eros, Atene Simonyi, Zsolt Tidrenczel, Istvan Szabo, Janos Rigo, Artur Beke
Altogether, the 290 fetuses or newborns exhibited 351 malformations. The 351 malformations were divided into 12 groups (Table 3). The most common malformations were hydrocephalus and spina bifida with 115 and 72 cases. Spina bifida appeared without hydrocephalus in 53 fetuses, whereas in 19 cases the two abnormalities were associated. (Table 4). Agenesis/dysgenesis of the corpus callosum and holoprosencephaly presented in 26 cases each. Anencephaly/exencephaly appeared in 20, Dandy-Walker malformation in 14, while meningocele/encephalocele in 9 cases. Microcephaly, hydranencephaly and sacrococcyggeal teratoma were diagnosed in 8 fetuses each, whereas Arnold-Chiari malformation affected 2 patients. Other malformation of the CNS appeared in 43 cases (Table 5).