China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
CT, MRI, and NMR Spectroscopy in Alzheimer Disease*
Published in Robert E. Becker, Ezio Giacobini, Alzheimer Disease, 2020
Liane J. Leedom, Bruce L. Miller
Yamaura et al. (1980) measured the percent volume of the cranial cavity occupied by brain tissue and CSF respectively. This study of normals revealed that the volume occupied by CSF was proportionally low in children and adolescents, reached a plateau in 20-49 year olds and then increased after age 50. Ventricular volumes of normals over 80 were the largest. Gado et al. (1982) examined volumetric measurements of CSF spaces in presumed Alzheimer’s disease and control subjects. In this study volumetric measures highly correlated with linear measures in individual subjects although, volumetric indices separated demented groups from controls better than did linear indices. This finding was later confirmed by Albert et al. (1984).
Neurosurgery: Supratentorial tumors
Published in Hemanshu Prabhakar, Charu Mahajan, Indu Kapoor, Essentials of Geriatric Neuroanesthesia, 2019
Monica S. Tandon, Kashmiri Doley, Daljit Singh
The skull base forms the floor of the cranial cavity. It is composed of five bones (ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital; paired frontal and temporal bones) and is divided into three regions: the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae. Classically, resection of skull base tumors requires surgical approaches that involve a large incision, along with significant exposure and retraction of the brain, which predisposes to a delayed postoperative neurological recovery. Moreover, the inherent vascularity of some of these tumors as well as their proximity to critical neurovascular structures further increases the complexity of neurosurgical and neuroanesthetic management.
Chronic Otitis Media
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed, Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
George G. Browning, Justin Weir, Gerard Kelly, Iain R.C. Swan
There are several routes by which sepsis may spread to the cranial cavity from an infected ear and, indeed, considering the proximity of the dura and sigmoid sinus to the infective process, in many cases, it is surprising that intracranial complications are not more common. These routes are most commonly by direct erosion of osteitic bone by the inflammatory process or via infected thrombophlebitis of the emissary veins traversing the bone and also the dura. Infection may also reach the cranial cavity via fractures and surgical defects. Normal anatomical points of weakness, such as the oval and round windows and the internal auditory meatus and cochlear aqueduct, are other possible routes for infection entering the cranial cavity.
An innovative hippocratic cranial intervention for amaurosis in classical Greece
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2021
Gregory Tsoucalas, Spyros N. Michaleas, Panagiotis Sideris, Marianna Karamanou
These interventions were particularly valuable to physicians and surgeons, because in Greek antiquity, internal organs were operated on only if access could be obtained through various cavities of the human body. Massive haemorrhages, such as those occurring during abdominal surgeries, often resulted in death, because surgeons could not control the bleeding. Thus, surgeons used bodily cavities (e.g. the ‘hepar,’ or abdominal cavity) as passages to access various visceral organs and protect against vessel dissection. Cranial trepanation usually involved minimal haemorrhaging. Still, these neurosurgical operations required skill and dexterity. As medico-philosophers, surgeons of ancient Greece had to understand all anatomical structures of the cranial cavity, including how organs and tissues related to each other and which injury could cause irreversible neurological problems or even death [17]. Although craniotomy procedures were already known in Greek Mythology (like the case of the birth of the goddess Athena from the head of Zeus) (Figure 4), the Hippocratic School of Medicine established them [18]. These cranial surgical procedures advanced surgical knowledge and the authority of ancient Greek physicians in the field of surgery. Furthermore, the procedures for treating amaurosis helped identify how the central nervous system, brain, and optic nerve connects with the senses [17].
Diagnostic value of lateral ventricle ratio: a retrospective case-control study of 112 acute subdural hematomas after non-severe traumatic brain injury
Published in Brain Injury, 2019
Ernest J. Bobeff, Jan Fortuniak, Katarzyna Ł. Bobeff, Karol Wiśniewski, Rafał Wójcik, Ludomir Stefańczyk, Dariusz J. Jaskólski
Radiological studies were performed using a 64-detector CT scanner (Lightspeed VCT, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, US) with slice thickness = 5 mm, axial slices. CT scans were transferred to stereotactic neuronavigation station (iPlan Cranial 2.6, Brainlab AG, Feldkirchen, Germany). Multiplanar reconstructions (MPR) and three-dimensional volume rendering reconstructions were performed. Volume of the cranial cavity was computed using “SmartBrush tool” (intelligent computer-assisted outlining) with the best effectiveness when following density of the superior sagittal sinus. Blood clot and lateral ventricles were manually outlined in each slice using “Brush tool” and “Eraser” (Figure 2). CT scans were evaluated twice by ‘‘rater 1ʹ’ (EJB) for intra-rater analysis, and once by ‘‘rater 2ʹ’ (KW) for inter-rater analysis. To calculate LVR the volume of contralateral lateral ventricle was divided by the volume of ipsilateral ventricle. The primary parameter taken into consideration was LVR, and the others were: volume percentage of the blood clot in the cranial cavity (ASDH%), thickness of ASDH and MLS.
Preliminary study of hearing protection and non-impact, blast-induced concussion in US military personnel
Published in Brain Injury, 2018
Amber L. Dougherty, Andrew J. MacGregor, Erik Viirre, Mary C. Clouser, Peggy P. Han, Kimberly H. Quinn, Michael R. Galarneau
Although results of the present study are biologically plausible and support the hypothesis that openings in the skull may propagate non-impact, blast-induced concussion, they do not exclude other suggested pathways, such as acceleration of the head (18), pressure differentials between the ventral body and cranial cavity (19), and transfer of kinetic energy through large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid (14). Nevertheless, every effort was made to control for the potential effects of these pathways by including in the analysis only those personnel who were wearing helmets, eye protection, and Kevlar vests with ceramic plate inserts. To assess the impact of these additional pathways, future studies could examine the effects of other types of personal protective equipment. It might also be beneficial to examine possible combined effects of not wearing multiple types of protective gear.