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Developmental Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
James H. Tonsgard, Nikolas Mata-Machado
LDD is a progressive dysplastic enlargement of the cerebellar cortex. The folia appear thickened and distorted. The granular layer is thickened because of hypertrophy of the granular cells. The molecular layer also is thickened because of hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the myelinated fibers extending from the abnormal granular cells. Purkinje's cells are reduced in number. The dysplasia is not well demarcated from the normal cerebellum.
Brain Motor Centers and Pathways
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The cell bodies of granule cells, 5–8 µm across, are located in the granular layer. They number more than 50 billion in humans, or more than all the other neurons in the brain combined. Granule cells have 5 or 6 relatively short dendrites, less than 30 µm long, with claw-like terminations that synapse with mossy fiber rosettes, the bulbous terminals of MFs, and with the axon terminals of Golgi cells. All these neuronal elements are enclosed in a tight, glia-encapsulated structure referred to as a cerebellar glomerulus. As it approaches the cerebellar cortex, an MF branches into a number of folia, the branches being in sagittal, or transverse planes. In each folium, an MF divides into 2 or 3 preterminal branches, with each preterminal branch bearing about 10 mossy rosettes. Each MF rosette makes excitatory synapses with the dendrites of about 20 granule cells.
The skin
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
The epidermis is variably thickened with atypical keratinocytes present throughout the thickness of the epidermis. There is surface parakeratosis generally associated with a loss of the granular layer. The basement membrane is intact and there is no invasion of the tumour cells into the dermis (Figure 19.34).
Discovery of novel paeonol-based derivatives against skin inflammation in vitro and in vivo
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Jing Wu, Ren De Zhu, Guo Min Cao, Jun Cheng Du, Xin Liu, Liang Zhuo Diao, Zhao Yan Zhang, Yang Sheng Hu, Xin Hua Liu, Jing Bo Shi
The anti-inflammatory activity of compound B12 was further evaluated in vivo. An IMQ-induced psoriasis mouse model was used to mimic the clinical manifestations of psoriasis patients36,37. As shown in Figure 8(A), severe skin lesions were occurred on the back skin, including scales, thickness and erythema during consecutive application of IMQ cream on BALB/c mice for 7 days in model the groups. Compound B12 significantly attenuated experimental symptoms and PASI score in a dose-dependent manner during treatment, as well as in the dexamethasone-treated group (Figure 8(B,C)). HE analysis of skin tissue was performed to assess the levels of inflammation and tissue changes. Representative histological images of the tissue sections are shown in Figure 8(D). Mice induced by IMQ showed pathological psoriatic lesions, including loss of granular layer, epidermal hyperplasia, thickening of the acanthosis cell layer, parakeratosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration. IMQ-mice treated with compound B12 (20 mg/kg) showed moderate pathological reduction, while IMQ-mice treated with compound B12 (40 mg/kg) showed high pathological reduction as well as the positive drug dexamethasone.
Mechanisms of COVID-19-induced cerebellitis
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2022
Mohammad Banazadeh, Sepehr Olangian-Tehrani, Melika Sharifi, Mohammadreza Malek-Ahmadi, Farhad Nikzad, Nooria Doozandeh-Nargesi, Alireza Mohammadi, Gary J. Stephens, Mohammad Shabani
The cerebellum is an evenly formed structure with a distinct neural arrangement based on stereotypes. The geometry of the cerebellum resembles a hemispherical ellipse with a central vermis and two adjacent hemispheres. The cerebellum’s rostro-caudal contour is undulating due to the existence of transverse fissures. The pattern of fissures on the cortical surface of the cerebellum permits the identification of 10 distinct lobules. Each of these lobules is associated with specialized brain–cerebellar functional loops. From a dorsal–ventral perspective, the cerebellar cortical array reveals three different layers. Purkinje cell dendritic arborization and inhibitory interneurons are seen in the molecular layer (basket and stellate cells). The Purkinje cell layer is generated ventrally by Purkinje cell somas and Bergman glia. The granular layer at the deeper cortical level comprises many granule cells controlled by Golgi, unipolar brush cells, and Lugaro neurons, as well as several types of glia. The axons of ascending granule cells divide into parallel excitatory fibers that connect the somas and dendrites of Purkinje cells9,10.
LncRNA MALAT-1 regulates the growth of interleukin-22-stimulated keratinocytes via the miR-330-5p/S100A7 axis
Published in Autoimmunity, 2022
Yu Zhou, Xiaohong Li, Yaju Duan, Yong Luo, Shuling Tang, Jian Wang
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune disease that not only affects the skin but also damages the body’s joints with systemic manifestations and a significant negative impact on patients’ quality of life [1]. Patients with psoriasis are at high risk for developing comorbidities, such as depression, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases [2]. Manifold internal and external factors, including environmental factors, susceptibility genes, keratinocytes, and the immune system, may be related to psoriasis pathogenesis [3]. However, the pathogenetic mechanisms of psoriasis are still elusive. Histologically, the features of psoriasis-like dermatitis include psoriasiform hyperplasia, loss of granular layer, parakeratosis, and thickening of stratum spinosum, which are also accompanied by infiltrations of inflammatory cells into the epidermis and dermis [1,4]. Thus, investigations of keratinocyte hyperproliferation may contribute to developing therapeutic strategies for psoriasis.