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CNS tumours
Published in Peter Hoskin, Peter Ostler, Clinical Oncology, 2020
This is the most common intracranial tumour in children (see Chapter 18), accounting for 20% of intracranial tumours in the under 16 years with 80% arising in those under 15 years of age, most during the first decade. The cells of origin are foetal elements of the external granular layer of the cerebellum. Tumours arise centrally in the vermis in children and more laterally in the hemispheres in young adults. There is a high risk of spread via CSF (one-third of cases) and it very rarely metastasizes outside the CNS, usually to bone. Recently, four molecular subgroups have been identified − wingless (WNT), sonic hedgehog (SHH), group 3 and group 4.
Effects of pyrethroids on the cerebellum and related mechanisms: a narrative review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2023
Fei Hao, Ye Bu, Shasha Huang, Wanqi Li, Huiwen Feng, Yuan Wang
There is some debate as to whether DM has an effect on the morphogenesis of the molecular layer or the Purkinje cell layer. Patro and Patro (2005) conducted the first morphological study on the effects of DM on the developing cerebellum in 2005. In that study, the administration of 0.7 mg/kg DM to rats for five consecutive days on their ninth postnatal day (PD) had an impact on cerebellar layer morphogenesis. However, the effect was temporary and was observed up to PD21 but not on PD30. It is worth mentioning that the difference in measured body weight in that study was large, but there was no weight change after DM exposure in the 2010 study. Asari et al. (2010) revealed that neonatal administration of 1 mg/kg DM had no effect on morphogenesis and thickness of the cerebellar external granular layer or internal granular layer. The study suggested that the current dosage of DM did not significantly affect granule cell migration or proliferation. Similarly, DM had no influence on morphogenesis in the molecular layer or purkinje cell layer.
Glycyrrhizic acid and silymarin alleviate the neurotoxic effects of aluminum in rats challenged with fructose-induced insulin resistance: possible role of toll-like receptor 4 pathway
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2019
Noura M. Ali, Amr A. A. Mahmoud, Mona F. Mahmoud, Hassan M. El Fayoumi
Normal rats showed normal pia mater containing blood vessels followed by the molecular layer, external granular layer, external pyramidal layer, and internal granular layer (Figure 6(a)). In addition, they showed normal pyramidal cells (Figure 6(b)). On the other hand, FR-treated rats showed dilated and congested blood vessels as well as multiple shrunken pyramidal cells surrounded by empty spaces (Figure 6(c,d)). Rats treated with AL showed also dilated and congested blood vessel as well as marked mononuclear cellular infiltration, shrunken pyramidal cells surrounded by empty spaces, and many apoptotic cells having small darkly stained nuclei (Figure 6(e,f)). In a similar way, FRAL-treated rats showed markedly dilated and congested blood vessels, along with marked mononuclear cellular infiltration in the molecular and external granular layers, shrunken pyramidal cells surrounded by empty spaces, and many apoptotic cells (Figure 6(g,h)). Cerebral cortex sections from rats that received GAM showed normal pyramidal cells with only few dilated and congested blood vessels (Figure 6(i,j)). SLY-treated rats had dilated and congested blood vessel as well as marked mononuclear cellular infiltration, multiple shrunken pyramidal cells and large area of hemorrhage (Figure 6(k,l)).
The possible protective effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine and folic acid in combination against aspartame-induced cerebral cortex neurotoxicity in adult male rats: a light and transmission electron microscopic study
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2018
Hala F. Abd-Ellah, Nadia R. A. Abou-Zeid, Nadia M. Nasr
By light microscopy, using H&E-stained sections, the cerebral cortices of group I (control rats) and group II (rats treated with NAC+FA) are similar and showed their well-known normal general histological architecture. The cerebral cortex is covered by pia matter and is formed of six layers from outside inwards. These layers are the outer molecular layer, external granular layer, external pyramidal layer, internal granular layer, internal pyramidal layer and finally the multiform layer (Figure 1(a)). The common cells inside these layers are the nerve cells (especially pyramidal cells) and granule cells, in addition to neuroglial cells (Figure 1(a,b)). The nerve cells have large rounded vesicular nuclei, basophilic cytoplasm, and processes (Figure 1(b)). Granule cells appear with open face vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli (Figure 1(b)). The pink-stained background; the neuropil, contains nerve fibers, scattered small-sized neuroglial cells, and blood vessels (Figure 1(a,b)).