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Respiratory-Related Reflexes and the Cerebellum
Published in Alan D. Miller, Armand L. Bianchi, Beverly P. Bishop, Neural Control of the Respiratory Muscles, 2019
Donald T. Frazier, Fadi Xu, Lu-Yuan Lee
Although other cerebellar areas have been reported to be involved with respiratory regulation,8,26,31,38 the more essential structures are believed to be located in the anterior lobe.59,71 Recent evidence suggests that the fastigial nucleus (FN) within the anterior lobe is an important region involved in the respiratory response. This involvement was first demonstrated by Lutherer and Williams in 1986.46 They found that in anesthetized cats electrical stimulation of the FN led to a decrease in inspiratory duration with no change in tidal volume. Since then, evidence to support FN involvement in respiratory modification has accumulated. Abdominal and intercostal electromyographic activity elicited by positive pressure breathing was diminished by low-current stimulation of the FN in anesthetized opossums.20 With respect to chemoreflexes, the ventilatory responses to hypoxia were found to be significantly attenuated following bilateral ablation of the FN in spontaneous breathing cats.90 The involvement of the FN in respiratory regulation has been further supported by other neurophysiological experiments utilizing local lesions,8 electrical stimulation,8,30,84 and recording of respiratory-related neurons within the FN.26,47
Cardiovascular receptors, reflexes and central control
Published in Neil Herring, David J. Paterson, Levick's Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology, 2018
Neil Herring, David J. Paterson
The main function of the cerebellum is to co-ordinate movement; it also co-ordinates the cardiovascular changes of exercise. Muscle afferents relay in the lateral reticular nucleus, which projects to the cerebellar fastigial nucleus and the associated vermal cortex, as does the NTS (Figures 16.15 and 16.18). Destruction of the fastigial nucleus reduces the tachycardia and pressor response to exercise in dogs. Stimulation of the vermal cortex in laboratory animals elicits renal vasoconstriction and muscle vasodilatation, the characteristic pattern observed during exercise. Such observations indicate that projections from the cerebellum to the medullary cardiovascular areas help co-ordinate the cardiovascular response to exercise.
The Central Nervous System Organization of Behavior
Published in Rolland S. Parker, Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
Efferents: The superior peduncles contain mostly efferent axons, the middle cerebellar peduncle contains only afferent axons, and the inferior cerebellar peduncle contains both afferent and efferent axons. The Purkinje cell is the only output from the cerebellar cortex. Axons pass through the granular layer and white matter to synapse with the deep cerebellar nuclei and, to a lesser extent, with the vestibular nuclei. They are inhibitory and use GABA as their neurotransmitter. Thus, efferent output is a balance between excitatory and inhibitory input to the cerebellar nuclei. The dentate nuclei project contralaterally to the thalamus, which projects to the premotor and primary motor cortices to influence planning and initiation of voluntary movements. The emboliform and globose nuclei project to the contrelateral red nucleus, which participates in the control of proximal limb muscles via the rubrospinal tract. The fastigial nucleus contributes to the vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts.
Alexithymia is a non motor symptom of essential tremor regardless of the presence of depression and anxiety
Published in Neurological Research, 2020
Yildizhan Sengul, Hakan Serdar Sengul, Elif Gokcal, Ismet Ustun, Ahmet Ozturk, Onur Yilmaz, Gulsen B. Yildiz, Elan D. Louis
Knowledge regarding the neuroanatomical connections that cause cognitive and affective disorders in the context of cerebellar damage has increased due to recent research regarding CCAS [30]. This research offers us a context in which to interpret psychiatric symptoms in ET, a disease of cerebellar pathology. These studies have found that the cerebellum participates in limbic-related functions (including emotion and affect). The fastigial nucleus has projections to the ventral tegmental area and the septum, hippocampus, and amygdala connect to the cerebellum via cerebellar interconnections. Other studies indicate that paralimbic and prefrontal cortices connect the cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei [31]; the cerebellum has been implicated in bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety disorders [32]. ET also manifests a wide range of neuropsychiatric symptoms; affective disorders, such as anxiety and depression, as well as personality changes, have been especially studied [33]. The recognition and treatment of non-motor symptoms will not only contribute to a better understanding of the neuropathology of the disease but will also contribute to increased quality of life for patients and improved motor and non-motor function as has been observed in PD [34].
Binocular, Accommodative and Oculomotor Alterations In Multiple Sclerosis: A Review
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2020
Amparo Gil-Casas, David P Piñero, Ainhoa Molina-Martin
Saccades are fast conjugated movements of the eyes between two targets. It can be executed voluntarily or in response to visual stimuli. Depending on the direction of the movement, saccades can be directed to the new stimulus (pro-saccade) or move away from it (anti-saccades). The size of the saccadic pulse is controlled by the posterior fastigial nuclei and dorsal vermis in the cerebellum. Any damage in the fastigial nuclei causes hypermetric saccades (saccades that overshoot the target), and usually are binocular because axons cross to the contralateral nucleus. Lesion in dorsal vermis produces hypometric saccades (saccades that undershoot the target). Other impaired smooth pursuit can occur, such as saccadic intrusions and oscillations, and depending on the amplitude can be classified as square-wave jerks, macro square-wave jerks and macrosaccadic oscillations. When there is a pause between saccades back and forth, it has been postulated that the cause is a disruption of feedback between nuclei that control the saccades.2,9
Percutaneous mastoid electrical stimulator alleviates autonomic dysfunction in patients with acute ischemic stroke
Published in Neurological Research, 2018
Lanying He, Jian Wang, Ya Liu, Weiwei Dong, Hao Yang, Yong Luo, Tao Xiang, Lun Luo
PMES can induce neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia by inhibiting excitotoxic damage, inhibiting brain inflammatory response and neuron apoptosis, which can improve neurological dysfunction [9,20–23]. The mechanisms underlying the improvement in HRV elicited by PMES remain unclear. Electrophysiological studies and anatomic tracing techniques have demonstrated extensive connections between fastigial nucleus and the central autonomic nervous system [24–27]. When the fastigial nucleus is stimulated, projections and related pathways are activated through indirect paths and multiple synapses, which can regulate the expression and release of neurotransmitters including acetylcholine (ACH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and norepinephrine (NE), thereby allowing sympathetic–parasympathetic activity to reach a new equilibrium [28,29].