China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Seizures
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Sally Mathias, Meriem Bensalem-Owen
The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) proposed a new operational classification for seizures and epilepsies in 2017 [7]. Depending on their onset, seizures are classified as focal, generalized, or unknown. Focal seizures can be further subdivided into seizures with or without impairment of awareness, previously known as simple partial or complex partial seizures (CPS). Focal onset seizures are further divided into motor onset or non-motor onset based on clinical features. When awareness is preserved the patient may either experience focal motor or sensory manifestations or experience a subjective feeling, called aura. Auras can be olfactory, gustatory, sensory, auditory, visual, vertiginous sensations, or psychic experiences (such as déja vu). Focal seizures with impairment of consciousness can evolve into bilateral convulsive seizure (also known as secondarily generalized seizure). The prototype for generalized seizures is the generalized tonic clonic (GTC) seizure. However, generalized onset seizures are further divided into motor (main subtypes being tonic-clonic, clonic, tonic, atonic myoclonic) and nonmotor (main subtype being absence seizure). The most common unknown onset epilepsy is epileptic spasms.
Medicines in neonates
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
Tonic seizures are most often generalised, featuring tonic extension of all limbs or, occasionally flexion of the upper limbs with extension of the legs. These symmetric tonic postures are rarely true seizures. They, more commonly, represent “release” phenomena and can be triggered by stimulation. Background activity is usually abnormal, but ictal paroxysmal activity is not observed. However, abrupt tonic limb extension/flexion with abduction may represent true epileptic spasms. Focal tonic epileptic seizures consist of sustained asymmetric posturing of one limb with flexion of the trunk toward the involved side. Tonic eye deviation may be associated [11].
Epilepsy
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Donald C. Barr, Andres M. Kanner
As shown in Figure 5.2, generalized seizures are divided into motor and nonmotor seizures. Motor seizures include generalized tonic–clonic, clonic, tonic, myoclonic, myoclonic–atonic, atonic, and epileptic spasms. Nonmotor seizures include absence seizures (typical, atypical, myoclonic, and eyelid myoclonia).
Association of sodium voltage-gated channel genes polymorphisms with epilepsy risk and prognosis in the Saudi population
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Mansour A. Alghamdi, Laith N. AL-Eitan, Ashwag Asiri, Doaa M. Rababa’h, Sultan A. Alqahtani, Mohammed S. Aldarami, Manar A. Alsaeedi, Raghad S. Almuidh, Abdulbari A. Alzahrani, Ahmad H. Sakah, Eman Mohamad El Nashar, Mansour Y. Otaif, Nawal F. Abdel Ghaffar
Epileptic spasms are a type of seizure that last 1 to 2 s and spasms occur predominantly in infants. The prognosis of epileptic spasms is generally connected with deprived neurodevelopmental and behavioural outcomes [30]. In this study, we found that SCN2A gene variants (rs4667485, rs1469649, rs353112 and rs10182570) may be a risk factor for periodic epilepsy. Several Biomarkers of SCN1A gene have been proposed as risk factor to drug response and drug resistant of epilepsy. This prognosis clinical factor is important for clinical practice and medication enhancement [12]. In light of our finding, it seems more likely that the rs353139, rs16850331, rs12614399 of SCN2A found to influence the drug responsiveness to epilepsy. Otherwise, 31 have explored the clinical response of SCN1A variations to sodium channel blocking drugs in Chinese epilepsy patients and found no correlation. Another clinical parameter that was examined in this study is the drug level and was significantly associated with rs10194956, rs13383628, rs11690959 of SCN1A, rs7596422 of SCN3A and rs11169883 of SCN8A. We deduce that these variants may affect the demanded dose of AED for epilepsy. Classification of epilepsy and seizure types is significant for the primary diagnostic testing. We found that the rs10182570 of SCN2A was correlated to Epilepsy classification, whereas rs935403 of the same gene was found in association with Seizure classification.
Vigabatrin-related adverse events for the treatment of epileptic spasms: systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2020
Asthik Biswas, Omar Yossofzai, Ajoy Vincent, Cristina Go, Elysa Widjaja
Epileptic spasms are a severe form of epilepsy with characteristic electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern of hypsarrhythmia. They are associated with poor neurologic and developmental outcomes, development of other seizure types, and increased mortality [1]. Since continued spasms and abnormal EEG associated with epileptic spasms have a progressively detrimental impact on long-term development, the primary goal of treatment is rapid and complete control of spasms [2]. Vigabatrin (VGB) is a structural analog of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that increases GABA concentrations in the brain by irreversibly inhibiting GABA-transaminase [3]. VGB has been approved for the treatment of epileptic spasms outside of the United States since 1989, and in the United States since 2009. Hormonal therapy (ACTH or prednisolone) and VGB are the only drugs with proven efficacy to reduce or eradicate spasms and eliminate hypsarrhythmia on EEG [4].
The Revised Definition and Classification of Epilepsy for Neurodiagnostic Technologists
Published in The Neurodiagnostic Journal, 2018
Robert S. Fisher, Anna M. Bonner
Epileptic spasms occur in children and present with sudden flexion at the waist and flexion or extension of the arms and legs. They may occur in clusters. Spasms can be focal, generalized, or of unknown onset, and it is often difficult to tell without a video-EEG. Under the age of 1, epileptic spasms are called infantile spasms.