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Role of Curcuma longa and Its Constituents, Especially Curcumin, in Prevention and Management of Diseases
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
Neurological disorders are generally developed by the neuroinflammation and activation of microglia cells of the central nervous system (CNS) in chronic immunocompromised individuals. Curcumin-bound nanoparticles successfully reduce neurological disorders by inhibiting Tat activated proteins and also suppress inflammatory cytokines NF-kb, TNF-α and IL-1β (Guo et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2018). Curcumin provides protection against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, which is responsible for causing inflammation in astrocytes and inhibiting the proinflammatory cytokines by enhancing IL-10 in Parkinson's disease (Yu et al., 2016). It further shows a neuroprotective effect against neuronal loss. It regulates the PI3K/Akt pathway and prevents the breakdown of synaptophysin and PI uptake in the hippocampus, which is important and favourable in Alzheimer's disease. Curcumin further reduces the level of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, by activating glial cells and enhancing the IL-10 level (Hoppe et al., 2013; Schmitt et al., 2020). Encephalomyelitis is another inflammatory autoimmune abnormal condition of the brain and spinal cord. A study revealed the use of curcumin as treatment by the up-regulation of IL-10 and Treg cells in the central nervous system and lymphoid organs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (Kanakasabai et al., 2012).
Neurotherapeutic efficacy of loaded sulforaphane on iron oxide nanoparticles against cuprizone-induced neurotoxicity: role of MMP-9 and S100β
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2023
Ghadha Ibrahim Fouad, Mostafa Mabrouk, Sara A. M. El-Sayed, Maha Z. Rizk, Hanan H. Beherei
However, treatment of CUP-induced rats with either SF or IONP-SF caused a significant activation of the antioxidant enzymes and a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation. Lipophilic SF can cross BBB after systemic administration (Jazwa et al. 2011; Huang et al. 2019); SF passively penetrates the cells and demonstrates an absolute bioavailability of ∼82% (NevesCarvalho et al. 2017). Our results run in accordance with Hu et al. (2004), Houghton et al. (2013), and Ibrahim Fouad et al. (2022). Similarly, the treatment of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a common MS model, with SF decreased neuroinflammation and demyelination (Li et al. 2013). This neuroprotective potential of SF could be attributed to its ability to decrease the oxidative and electrophilic cytotoxicity and the cellular accumulation of ROS (Yoon et al. 2008), and to the nature of SF as a powerful stimulator of the Nrf2-ARE pathway, which has been coined the ‘guardian of redox homeostasis’ (Greco and Fiskum 2010); SF activates the Nrf2-ARE pathway and results in the upregulation of downstream protective anti-oxidative genes, including CAT, GPx-1 (Schachtele et al. 2012; Steele et al. 2013; Ibrahim Fouad 2023).
Spinal cord involvement in COVID-19: A review
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2023
Ravindra Kumar Garg, Vimal Kumar Paliwal, Ankit Gupta
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is an immune-mediated disorder that affects the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. Utukuri et al. reported about a 44-year-old male presenting with acute myelopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed T2/FLAIR hyperintensity in the conus medullaris and periventricular regions of the brain. Later, the patient tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and showed moderate improvement following intravenous immunoglogulin (IVIG) treatment and plasmapheresis.34 Novi et al. reported about a 64-year-old woman complaining of acutely developed bilateral vision loss along with sensory deficit in the right leg, and neuroimaging showed a single spinal cord lesion at the T8 level with bilateral optic nerve sheath enhancement. The serum of the patient tested negative for antiaquaporin-4 and MOG antibodies; however, the patient tested positive for serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The patient improved significantly following corticosteroid treatment.35
Lyme Neuroborreliosis Presenting as Multiple Cranial Neuropathies
Published in Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2022
Aishwarya Sriram, Samantha Lessen, Kevin Hsu, Cheng Zhang
With regard to neuroborreliosis, approximately 20% of patients with Lyme disease have some degree of neurological involvement, and this tends to occur in the second or third stages.1 The Borrelia bugdorferi spirochaete can produce symptomatic neurological disease or remain dormant in the central nervous system for long periods of time.4 Central nervous system involvement can present as meningitis, encephalitis, cranial neuritis, and radiculoneuropathy early on. Thereafter, encephalomyelitis and encephalopathy may occur. Lyme has also been associated with the development of psychiatric conditions, including bipolar, major depression, and schizophrenia, among others.5 Neuroborreliosis can be treated with oral or parenteral antibiotics, such as doxycycline, amoxycillin, or a cephalosporin.2