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Neurologic Diagnosis
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
The electroencephalograph (EEG) is a recording of the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex. It reflects the summated excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials of the upper layers of the cerebral cortex, especially the pyramidal cells because of their vertical orientation and large apical dendritic trees. This activity is influenced by subcortical structures, especially the thalamus and rostral brainstem reticular formation.
Neonatal Seizures
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
Because seizure activities in the NB are frequently covert, their motor components often fragmentary, and because some mimic normal or abnormal behaviors that are not seizures, a few comments are included to help avoiding the recent trend of overdiagnosing and treating as seizures all such paroxysmal manifestations. This task, which at times may be difficult, can be helped by careful electroencephalographic monitoring. It represents the first prerequisite for proper management of neonatal seizures, as has been reemphasized recently (9).
Electrical Brain Stimulation to Treat Neurological Disorders
Published in Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel, Electrical Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders, 2019
Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel
Electroencephalography (EEG) is an electrophysiological monitoring method to record electrical activity of the brain. It is typically noninvasive, with the electrodes placed along the scalp, although invasive electrodes are sometimes used such as in electrocorticography. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current within the neurons of the brain. In clinical contexts, EEG refers to the recording of the brain’s spontaneous electrical activity over a period of time, as recorded from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp. Diagnostic applications generally focus either on event-related potentials or on the spectral content of EEG. The former investigates potential fluctuations time locked to an event like stimulus onset or button press. The latter analyses the type of neural oscillations (popularly called “brain waves”) that can be observed in EEG signals in the frequency domain.
Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) delivered via dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on central post-stroke pain and depression: a case report
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Auwal Bello Hassan, Musa Sani Danazumi, Auwal Abdullahi, Abdulsalam Mohammed Yakasai
The patient received a single session of anodal tDCS, 2 mA for 20 minutes every working day for two weeks (Table 1). The stimulation was administered by a neurophysiotherapist who had 8 years of experience. The stimulation device had a saline-soaked pair of surface sponge electrodes (35cm2) to deliver stimulation by a battery-driven, constant current stimulator. The device also had a knob to allow the operator to control current intensity (Rich and Gillick, 2019). The site of stimulation was determined using 10–20 international electroencephalogram (EEG) system of electrode placement (Rich and Gillick, 2019). The anode electrode was placed on the right DLPFC and the cathode on the contralateral supraorbital region. There were no side effects recorded due to the stimulation.
Reducing EEG (Electroencephalogram) Electrode-induced Skin Injury among Ambulatory EEG Monitored Patients: A Non-randomized Interventional Study of Two Commonly Used Cream-based Products for Electrode Application
Published in The Neurodiagnostic Journal, 2020
Sumika Ouchida, Armin Nikpour, Greg Fairbrother
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a monitoring method to record electrical brain activity. Recording inter-ictal epileptiform activity or paroxysmal events using ambulatory electroencephalography (AEEG) is an important diagnostic tool (Faulkner et al. 2012; Seneviratne et al. 2013; Tolchin et al. 2017). AEEG recording devices are portable, inexpensive, and widely available (Lawley et al. 2015; Seneviratne and D’Souza 2019). One of the disadvantages of prolonged EEG monitoring is skin irritation or skin injury at the EEG electrode sites which can occur in 7.8 to 27.3% of inpatients, depending on the duration of the monitoring (Drees et al. 2016; Moura et al. 2017). A 2017 observational study of prolonged AEEG monitoring indicated that most participants (81.7%) had skin irritation or injury at the electrode sites (Ouchida et al. 2019).
Electric source imaging for presurgical epilepsy evaluation: current status and future prospects
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Pierre Mégevand, Margitta Seeck
With dozens of millions of people affected worldwide, epilepsy is one of the most common and disabling neurological disorders [1]. Epilepsy consists in an enduring predisposition to suffer from epileptic seizures, which are defined as the transient occurrence of signs or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain [2]. Thus, the documentation of abnormal cerebral neuronal activity by electroencephalography (EEG) plays a key role in the diagnosis and management of epilepsy. Drug-resistant epilepsy, where antiepileptic medications fail to control seizures, affects about a third of patients with epilepsy [3]. In these patients, epilepsy surgery, i.e. the removal or disconnection of the brain region responsible for generating seizures (the epileptogenic zone), represents an important therapeutic option, as it can lead to freedom from seizures or significantly reduce seizure frequency and severity [4,5].