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Echophenomena and Coprophenomena
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
The prefix “echo-” refers to repetition. Echophenomena are behaviors that a person does that are repetitions of other behaviors. The person's repetitions may be repeats of the actions of others or repeats of their own actions. Two commonly discussed “echo-” symptoms are echolalia and echopraxia.
Diagnosing Tourette syndrome
Published in Carlotta Zanaboni Dina, Mauro Porta, James F. Leckman, Understanding Tourette Syndrome, 2019
Carlotta Zanaboni Dina, Mauro Porta
N.B. For the aforementioned scales, caregivers of sufferers with echolalia/echopraxia should be aware that the reading aloud of symptoms may induce them. Sometimes, even when the patient himself is reading them silently, these symptoms can appear.
The fundamentals of psychiatry
Published in Ben Green, Problem-based Psychiatry, 2018
The patient’s behaviour may be altogether appropriate to the interview situation; he or she may sit quietly, answering each question carefully enough. Other patients may pace the room in an agitated way while the doctor tries to persuade them to stay in the room to answer more questions. Patients might leap out of their chair suddenly at the behest of unseen voices or they may be too preoccupied with visual hallucinations to concentrate on the doctor’s questions. Some patients may appear unduly still, with their eyes unmoving and their limbs held tensely – these may be catatonic patients whose limbs if moved by the doctor may be put into unusual postures and have increased tone (waxy flexibility or cereas flexibilitas). The postures may then be held for minutes or hours (preservation of posture). Alternatively, the patient may be mute and still because they have psychomotor retardation, as in depression (this lacks the features of increased tone and abnormal posturing). It may be appropriate to include other movement disorders under behaviour and manner – psychotropic drugs sometimes cause restlessness (akathisia) or acute dystonic reactions (torticollis, oculogyric crises, etc.) or late-onset rhythmic involuntary lip-smacking, abnormal tongue movements, limb athetosis and truncal movements (tardive dyskinesia). Patients who mimic your every move are showing echopraxia.
Clinical excellence in child and adolescent psychiatry: examples from the published literature
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2023
Amanda Y. Sun, Scott M. Wright, Leslie Miller
‘A’ was referred and seen by two psychiatrists at the age of six for a history of abnormal movements including blinking and head movements since age three (Robertson et al., 2017). Of note, he had a strong family history positive for Huntington’s disease (HD) on the paternal side, in two of father’s sisters, one of his father’s brothers, and his paternal grandmother. Father had elected to not be tested for HD. Meanwhile, his mother and maternal aunt had a history of motor tics. His history was notable for 25 motor tics (both simple and complex) and at least 5 vocal tics. In addition, he had echolalia and echopraxia and obsessive-compulsive behaviours in the form of counting. On examination, he exhibited both motor and vocal tics, including blinking, frowning, eyebrow raising, head-nodding, and repetitive throat-clearing. This history and exam were highly suggestive of Tourette syndrome, with a waxing and waning course with one type of tic replaced by another.
Frontal versus dysexecutive syndromes: relevance of an interactionist approach in a case series of patients with prefrontal lobe damage
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2018
Jérémy Besnard, Philippe Allain, Vanesa Lerma, Ghislaine Aubin, Valérie Chauviré, Frédérique Etcharry-Bouyx, Didier Le Gall
Before concluding, it should be noted that some behavioural disorders, like grasping and groping behaviour, echopraxia, echolalia, or compulsive imitation or utilisation of objects, are also reported in cases of frontal and subcortical damage (e.g., Degos, da Fonseca, Gray, & Cesaro, 1993; Eslinger, Warner, Grattan, & Easton, 1991; Ghika et al., 1996) and can be confused with those described in this study. For example, in the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB; Dubois, Slachevsky, Litvan, & Pillon, 2000), the grasping behaviour is defined as “environmental dependency”. However, these motor disorders seem qualitatively different from EDP in the sense that they are automatic, compulsive, reflexive, and not controllable by patients. As initially reported by Lhermitte et al. (1986), behavioural dependency (IB and UB) can be stopped and seems more characteristic of voluntary acts that occur after a period of hesitation and reflection. Overall, this means that there are at least two forms of dependency, with compulsive and automatic symptoms (e.g., grasping, groping) on one side, and EDP as defined in this study on the other. Given the fact that these two forms of dependency are frequently confounded in the literature, future studies should describe more precisely the qualitative difference between the two.
Clinical features and predictors of non-response in severe catatonic patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2021
Beniamino Tripodi, Margherita Barbuti, Martina Novi, Gianluca Salarpi, Giuseppe Fazzari, Pierpaolo Medda, Giulio Perugi
Catatonia is an acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome characterised by movement and behavioural disorders associated with derangement in thinking, mood and alertness. The deficit in the control of voluntary movements during a catatonic episode may be manifested by a reduction in motor functions, up to immobility, or by an increase in motor activity that becomes not finalised and unaffected by external stimuli. Other characteristic motor symptoms are mutism, negativism, stereotypes, echolalia and echopraxia.