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Enzyme-Releasing Peptide
Published in Jason Kelley, Cytokines of the Lung, 2022
Allen B. Cohen, Edmund J. Miller, Cassandra MacArthur
In the ensuing chapter the general biology of neutrophil granule constituents will be described. The relevance of the release of certain granule constituents to lung health and the chemistry and biology of enzyme release will be discussed. Subsequently, the characteristics of ERP will be described, and its biological importance will be elucidated. Since only the effect of ERP on the secretion of the azurophilic granule enzymes elastase and myeloperoxidase has been studied, this report will focus on these enzymes.
Electrocortical Correlates of Reading Disability Subtypes
Published in Kees P. van den Bos, Linda S. Siegel, Dirk J. Bakker, David L. Share, Current Directions in Dyslexia Research, 2020
The functioning of the brain can be measured in an indirect and in a more direct way. In the indirect way stimulus material is presented in the visual, auditory or tactile modality and speed and accuracy of manual or vocal responses are measured. On the basis of experimental changes in stimulus conditions and the subsequent changes in accuracy and speed of performance, one has to infer either normal or defective functioning of different brain areas. A method which enables a more direct measurement of brain functioning, and which provides the opportunity to monitor brain activity during processing, is the recording of Event-Related Potentials (ERPs). ERPs represent electrical responses of the brain that are time-locked to the processing of stimulus information. It is assumed that amplitudes and latencies of the different peaks or components in the ERP waveform reflect brain activity associated with, e.g., perceptual analysis, cognitive processing and response preparation and execution. Another important advantage of this technique is that information is gathered from a number of brain areas simultaneously, which provides the possibility of localizing the source of possible dysfunctions. Therefore, ERPs represent a powerful tool in assessing the role of left and right hemispheric mechanisms in different stages of the normal, as well as, the disturbed reading process.
Review of the Human Brain and EEG Signals
Published in Teodiano Freire Bastos-Filho, Introduction to Non-Invasive EEG-Based Brain–Computer Interfaces for Assistive Technologies, 2020
Alessandro Botti Benevides, Alan Silva da Paz Floriano, Mario Sarcinelli-Filho, Teodiano Freire Bastos-Filho
The EEG signals are composed of basic components of spontaneous potentials, which may be present throughout the range of frequencies of the EEG signal and are not produced by sensory stimulation. ERP is the change of the EEG potential in response to a particular event. ERP has much lower amplitude than the spontaneous activity, so that it cannot be recognized in the raw EEG. Therefore, average techniques are commonly employed for detecting the ERP. In the average technique, the ERP is considered to occur with an approximately constant delay in relation to the event, and the spontaneous activity is modeled as an additive random noise (Figure 1.29a) [37]. The EEG recordings obtained by repeating the same experiment or trial, under the same conditions, are called epochs, and as the number of epochs, N, used in the calculation of the average increases, the time-locked activity increases and the spontaneous activity decreases, and thus, the ERP can be observed.
Research on effective recognition of alarm signals in a human–machine system based on cognitive neural experiments
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
Yun Teng, Yuwei Sun, Xinlin Chen, Mei Zhang
With the continuous development of neurohuman factors, we can try to use ERP technology in cognitive neuroscience to reveal the problems related to human factors. ERP technology can successfully obtain the human response mechanism to the alarm signal, and confirm that the alarm signal already exists in the process of pre-attention at the moment of change. There are differences in the speed and intensity of people’s perception of different types of alarm signals. However, there are some limitations. The space of automatic control interface is limited, and this article proposes that the third type of alarm signal may occupy a larger space, so the applicability of the third type of alarm signal needs to be further discussed. There are often a large number of alarm signals in the complex human–computer system interface. The most important alarm signal will be set in the obvious area. The main signal and the auxiliary signal can be used together. The main signal is to prompt the abnormal situation, and the auxiliary signal is to make clear the specific error of the system, so the third type of alarm signal can be used as the main alarm signal, which can be quickly perceived by people to make a decision response in time [61].
Review of “EEG/ERP Analysis: Methods and Applications,” edited by Kamel Nidal and Aamir Saeed Malik
Published in The Neurodiagnostic Journal, 2023
The book is well written in an introduction format, with each chapter summarizing how it is broken down and a chapter introduction. Heavy amounts of technical jargon are avoided when possible, and when complex terms or ideas are used, they are well explained. Mathematical concepts and equations are avoided for most of the book but can be found in key chapters, most notably the chapters on ERPs, source localization, and seizure detection. The text in these chapters still explains the concepts thoroughly, so even though these chapters may be more of a heavy read for someone without a strong background in mathematics, they are still within reach and understanding. Many of the chapters in this book cover the individual applications of EEG/ERP analysis in research and clinical settings. These chapters are written with specific examples and studies which also give a broader sense of the use of the application, covering some topics which most readers familiar with EEG may not have considered to be a use for EEG. Overall, this book is easily accessible to anyone with a good foundational understanding of the neurosciences or the biomedical fields, achieving its goal of providing a good introduction to the analysis of EEGs and ERPs and how they can be utilized.
The Effects of Total Sleep Deprivation on Attention Capture Processes in Young and Older Adults: An ERP Study
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2023
Paniz Tavakoli, Anthony Murkar, Meggan Porteous, Julie Carrier, Rebecca Robillard
The processing of the deviants is best observed in a difference wave computed by subtracting, point-by-point, the standard ERP waveform from the deviants. The subtraction process removes processing that is common to standard and deviant stimuli, leaving only processing that is unique to the deviant. The difference waveform consisted of a negativity peaking at about 150 ms (the MMN), a positivity peaking at about 320–350 ms (P3a), and a later negativity peaking at about 400–500 ms (RON). The mean amplitudes of MMN, P3a, and RON were computed by averaging all data points within ±25 ms of the peak amplitude identified in the grand average (the average of all participants’ average) for each sleep condition and group. ERP component latencies were analyzed using peak latency measures. They were identified as the maximal peak in the latency windows of 150–300 ms for the MMN, 250–450 for the P3a, and 350–600 ms for the RON. Visual inspection of the ERP waveforms revealed that all ERP components were maximal at frontal electrode sites. Based on this and previous studies, the ERP components were initially identified at Fz. Electrode sites were then grouped into a frontal region of interest (ROI; F3, Fz, F4) which was retained for statistical analyses.