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Cognitive symptoms related to executive functions
Published in Aurora Lassaletta, Ruth Clarke, The Invisible Brain Injury, 2019
At some points, this symptom has also been diagnosed as “subthreshold depression”, and, of course, if I’m in low spirits it gets worse, but with time both the professionals and I have realised that this is not the only determining factor. When I consulted the neuropsychologist about this problem for the first time, she told me about dysexecutive syndrome, and explained that these circles and repetitions are often described in this condition. It really helped me to find out about it and know why it’s like this, although I don’t feel like it’s very easy to change. Most of all, it helped me not to be too critical of myself for this behaviour. Dysexecutive syndrome covers a multitude of symptoms relating to problems with organising, planning, supervising and monitoring behaviour (Goldstein and Beers, 1998).
Validity of the Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome for Children (BADS-C) in children and adolescents with pediatric acquired brain injury
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2023
Bendik Romundstad, Stian Solem, Anne Elisabeth Brandt, Ruth Elizabeth Hypher, Kari Risnes, Torstein Baade Rø, Jan Stubberud, Torun Gangaune Finnanger
DEX-C is a 20-item questionnaire where the child’s or adolescent’s behaviour is rated by parents or teachers (Emslie et al., 2003). It is as such regarded as a measure of everyday EF at home or school. The items cover four broad areas of potential executive dysfunction: emotional/personality, motivational, behavioural, and cognitive. Each question is sensitive to a specific characteristic of the dysexecutive syndrome. The items are scored on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (“never”) to 5 (“very often”). Examples of items are: “Has difficulty thinking ahead or planning when undertaking a task or activity”; “Acts without thinking.” Raw total scores were used for analyses in this study. For the present study, DEX-C was rated by a parent and main teacher in the pABI group. For the control group, it was rated by one of the parents.
Sexuality >1 year after brain injury rehabilitation: A cross-sectional study in Sweden
Published in Brain Injury, 2023
Ann-Sofie Ek, Charlotta Holmström, Eva Elmerstig
Globally many individuals live with the consequences of Acquired Brain Injury (ABI), an umbrella term (1) including, among others, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) (incidence 6/100 000) (2), Stroke (220/100 000) (3), and Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) (900–1300/100 000) (4). Some consequences after ABI are physical and visible, such as impaired walking ability, while consequences including impaired memory, inability to focus, fatigue, bladder/bowel symptoms, and difficulties managing activities of daily living (ADL) may be invisible to others (5). Even if invisible, however, these consequences can have an impact on life after ABI, including on sexuality. The dysexecutive syndrome, which also can be invisible to others, includes for example difficulties in initiation, inhibition, flexibility, and planning. In a study investigating whether dysexecutive problems were related to risky sexual behavior, Moreno et al. (6) found that individuals with more dysexecutive symptoms also engaged in more risky sexual behavior.
Participation after traumatic brain injury: the surplus value of social cognition tests beyond measures for executive functioning and dysexecutive behavior in a statistical prediction model
Published in Brain Injury, 2019
Herma J. Westerhof- Evers, Luciano Fasotti, Joukje van der Naalt, Jacoba M. Spikman
Furthermore, Struchen and colleagues (2011) found that self-perceived social communication and behavioral problems contribute significantly to self-reported poor functional and social integration outcome after TBI (21). This suggests that in addition to tests for EF or SC, measures of problematic daily life behaviors may also be relevant indicators of participation problems. Baddeley and Wilson (1988) introduced the term ‘dysexecutive syndrome’ which describes the behavioral changes that used to be associated with damage to prefrontal brain areas (32). The dysexecutive syndrome includes both, difficulties in planning and organization that are likely the result of EF impairments, as well as changes in social and interpersonal behavior that might be a consequence of impaired SC. In particular, behavior can be described by excess and by default. Damage to the frontal convexity might be at the root of egocentricity, lack of initiative, and planning deficits whereas orbitofrontal damage gives rise to emotion regulation deficits, resulting in agitation, disinhibition, irritability, and loss of social norms (33,34). A well-known instrument to measure these dysexecutive behaviors is the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX) (35). The DEX consists of a self-report and proxy-rated version. As poor self-awareness is frequently seen in patients with TBI, including ratings of the patients’ dyexecutive behavior in everyday life by a significant other seems crucial (36,37).