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Biological and genetic factors in DCD
Published in Anna L. Barnett, Elisabeth L. Hill, Understanding Motor Behaviour in Developmental Coordination Disorder, 2019
Melissa K. Licari, Daniela Rigoli, Jan P. Piek
One of the more consistent findings across studies is varying patterns of activation in the frontal lobe (Kashiwagi et al., 2009; Licari et al., 2015; Reynolds et al., 2015; Zwicker et al., 2010, 2011), a region involved in the planning and execution of movement, along with the higher order processes. Altered activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been reported across studies utilising tasks with higher visuomotor demands (Debrabant et al., 2013; Querne et al., 2008; Zwicker et al., 2011), indicating issues with attentional control, which may also impact on motor planning. The inferior frontal gyrus is another cortical region reported more than once (Debrabant et al., 2013; Licari et al., 2015; Reynolds et al., 2015), involved in our ability to observe and imitate movement, forming part of the parietal-premotor network.
Brain stimulation: new directions
Published in Alan Weiss, The Electroconvulsive Therapy Workbook, 2018
The precise anatomical site for the regulation of mood in the brain is unknown. Research has focused on the dorsolateral, prefrontal cortex and the cingulate gyrus, areas that have been shown to be deficit in a range of psychiatric disorders (Lisanby, 2004).
Exercise Effects in Cognition and Motor Learning
Published in Henning Budde, Mirko Wegner, The Exercise Effect on Mental Health, 2018
A large body of evidence has shown that distinct brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, are important for learning and memory processes (Figure 9.3). The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plays an important role in both short-term and working memory (Gabrieli 1998; Owen 1997). Distinct brain systems have also been shown to subserve the different types of long-term memory. Studies in animals and humans have shown that the hippocampus plays a vital role in declarative learning and memory formation (Milner 1972; Squire 1992, 1982, 2004) (see below). Along with the hippocampus, a number of additional cortical structures are also important for learning new types of declarative memories (Eichenbaum 2000). For example, sensory cortices and association areas process stimuli to be encoded by the hippocampus. The prefrontal and parietal cortices further contribute to declarative memories, through regulating attention, organization, and use of various strategies needed to successfully encode and retrieve information. Lastly, other limbic brain regions, such as the amygdala and the ventral striatum (including the nucleus accumbens), likewise influence learning and memory behavior through arousal and motivation (McDonald & White 1993). For example, the ventral striatum is important in outcome prediction learning, and promotes motivational processing for goal-directed behaviors, such as learning new information (for review see Pennartz, Ito, Verschure, Battaglia, & Robbins 2011).
Impact of ZNF804A rs1344706 or CACNA1C rs1006737 polymorphisms on cognition in patients with severe mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2023
Ana Cecília Novaes de Oliveira Roldan, Luiz Carlos Cantanhede Fernandes Júnior, Carlos Eduardo Coral de Oliveira, Sandra Odebrecht Vargas Nunes
The relationship between genetic vulnerability and cognitive impairment in severe mental disorders could be associated to the risk of genetic variation in CACNA1C, which is also associated with altered expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the prefrontal cortex in humans, leading to reduced prefrontal cortex BDNF expression and poorer cognitive performance (Sykes et al. 2019). Psychotic disorders have cognitive deficits that are associated with disrupted functioning and neurobiological impairment, which may be a disturbance in the function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Barch and Sheffield 2014). Furthermore, the genes for CACNA1C and ZNF804A have been associated with psychosis risk variants for SCZ spectrum and BD, which may contribute to impaired functional connectivity and to increase susceptibility to white matter microstructural abnormalities and functional cognitive deficits (Mallas et al. 2017).
Modern and traditional trance language: a comparison
Published in American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2022
Sarah Karrasch, Johanna Alisa Jung, Suchithra Varadarajan, Iris-Tatjana Kolassa, Walter Bongartz
From a neurophysiological point of view, working memory is subserved by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, Balconi, 2013) that is involved in executive functioning and in the control of cognitive processes. It is well documented that under (neutral) hypnosis the activity of the DLPFC is usually decreased accompanied by an impairment of executive functions as well as cognitive processes (Parris, 2017). In light of these findings, our results, i.e. more imaginative activity (“visual imagery”) and less cognitive activity (“inner dialogue”) in the TTL group, might be attributed to a reduced activity of DLPFC that was more pronounced in the TTL group than in the MTL group. Reduced activity in DLPFC would mean a reduction of cognitive processing thus resulting in less “internal dialogue” that in turn could have provided more “space” for an increase in the “visual imagery.” Although this explanation has some plausibility, it is still only a viable hypothesis. According to the review by Parris (2017) on the role of frontal executive functions in hypnosis there is clear evidence that executive functions are impaired by (neutral) hypnosis, but the cause of this decreased function is still debated (Palfi, Parris, McLatchie, Kekecs, & Dienes, 2021).
Reading mind from the eyes in individuals with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analysis
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2022
This distinction could be followed at the neural structures. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex controls executive function [10] and ventromedial medial prefrontal cortex is involved in social cognition [11]. These two structures see-saw each other in the respective neural networks, namely central executive network and default mode network [12]. Notwithstanding the functional and structural distinction, coexistence and association of impairments in executive functions and social cognition have been described in several psychopathological conditions such as ADHD [13], autism spectrum disorder [14], depression [15–17], and schizophrenia [18]. Furthermore, the neural underpinnings of executive functions and social cognition are highly interactive [19]. However, some studies found intact theory of mind despite impaired executive functions and vice versa [20,21]. These findings suggest that the impaired executive functions do not necessarily result in impaired social cognition. Given the interwoven structure and function of executive and social processing, discrimination between them is crucial for diagnosis and interventions.