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A review of school-based studies on the effect of acute physical activity on cognitive function in children and young people
Published in Romain Meeusen, Sabine Schaefer, Phillip Tomporowski, Richard Bailey, Physical Activity and Educational Achievement, 2017
Andy Daly-Smith, Jim McKenna, Greta Defeyter, Andrew Manley
Selective attention was the most commonly assessed cognitive process, followed by information processing, working memory and planning. Assessed across three studies, selective attention showed positive change (Hill et al., 2010), no change (van den Berg et al., 2016) and mixed results (Ma et al., 2015). Following a 10–15-minute CEB, Hill et al. (2010) assessed selective attention using the digit symbol-coding task, finding improvements in the second week of testing. In contrast, van den Berg et al. (2016) found no change in overall selective attention (assessed by the d2 test) following three separate 12-minute bouts of exercise. In comparison, Ma et al. (2015) reported that 4 minutes of high-intensity interval exercise improved accuracy on the d2 test, although the total number of items processed by participants decreased. Unfortunately, no data were presented to account for the speed–accuracy trade-off, which limits our ability to make direct comparisons. The two studies which assessed information processing found no change in speed or accuracy immediately after physical activity (van den Berg et al., 2016) or after a 60-minute delay (Hill et al., 2010), as measured by the letter digit substitution test and the paced serial addition task, respectively.
Improvement of Cognitive Function in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease using Ketogenic Diets
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
A single administration of caprylic triglycerides (40 mL) significantly increased blood ketone bodies 90 minutes after ingestion. Performance on the ADAS-cog score also improved for patients with mild AD who did not carry the epsilon 4 variant of the apoprotein E, a risk factor for AD (Reger et al. 2004). Other studies also demonstrated an increase in ketone bodies in the blood 90–120 minutes after administration of MCT formulas (Henderson et al. 2009; Ota et al. 2019). Given these data, the efficacy of long-term administration of MCT formulas in patients with mild AD patients was evaluated. Henderson et al. (2009) carried out a 90-day, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study on patients with mild and moderate AD (n = 152). The subjects received a formula containing 20 g of MCTs or long-chain fatty acid triglycerides as a placebo. MCT supplementation significantly improved patient ADAS-cog scores compared to the placebo control. Efficacy was more potent in the epsilon 4 variant of the apolipoprotein E-negative subjects. Recently, an open-label 12-week trial was conducted with 19 patients with mild and moderate AD (Ota et al. 2019). The subjects received 20 g of MCTs per day. The subjects showed significant improvements on the immediate and delayed logical memory test and digit-symbol coding test compared to baseline. In both studies, the subjects were not instructed to change their dietary habits aside from taking MCT formulas. The main adverse effect was diarrhea, but it was not reported to be severe. These findings suggest that MCT formulas have therapeutic potential for patients with mild and moderate AD, especially those who do not carry the epsilon 4 variant of the apolipoprotein E.
Functional improvement in chronic stroke patients when following a supervised home-based computerized cognitive training
Published in Brain Injury, 2022
Macarena Gil-Pagés, Javier Solana, Rocío Sánchez-Carrión, Jose M. Tormos, Antonia Enseñat-Cantallops, Alberto García-Molina
We used performance-based measures to assess attention, memory, and executive functions. For attention measures, we used Conner’s Continuous Performance—CPT-II (30) to explore sustained attention and Trail Making Tests A and B (31) for evaluating selective and divided attention. To assess verbal memory, we used Digit Span Forward from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) (32) to assess immediate verbal memory and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test—RAVLT (33) to explore short- and long-term verbal memory. To rate executive functions, we used Digit Span Backwards and Letter-Number Sequencing from WAIS-III to study working memory, Stroop Color, and Word test (34) for the evaluation of inhibitory control and a Spanish phonemic fluency test (35). Finally, we included speed of processing measures as the Hit response index from CPT-II (30) and Digit Symbol-Coding test from WAIS-III.
The complex audio visual emotion assessment task (CAVEAT): development of a shorter version for clinical use
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Skye McDonald, Emily Wilson, Travis Wearne, Lillian Darke, Anneli Cassel, Hannah Rosenberg
Neuropsychological test performance for participants are also detailed in Table 1. In Study 1, the TBI group were impaired relative to the controls on all measures of neuropsychological functioning, excluding Matrix Reasoning (p = 0.055). In Study 2, people with TBI performed more poorly than their non-injured counterparts on Digit Symbol Coding, Trails and COWAT phonemic fluency. A MANOVA examining the cognitive scores between groups in the two studies suggested that, overall, the TBI participants were performing more poorly than the control participants (F = 5.399 (7, 84) p < 0.001). It was also revealed that participants in Study 2, TBI and controls combined, generally performed less well than Study 1 (F = 3.513 (7, 84) p = 0.002). There was, however, no interaction.
Cognitive impairments and recovery in patients with work-related stress complaints – four years later
Published in Stress, 2021
Vita Ligaya Dalgaard, Johan Hviid Andersen, Anders Degn Pedersen, Lars Peter Andersen, Anita Eskildsen
Participants were tested by three experienced psychologists. The test battery was a shorter version of the original test battery used in the baseline study. The entire test battery has been described in detail in a previous study (Eskildsen et al., 2015). Only the tests which seemed sensitive to the cognitive impairments in the patient group at one-year follow-up were included at the four-year follow-up, namely the indexes of processing speed (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, WAIS III (Wechsler, 1997a); incorporating the Digit Symbol Coding and Symbol Search), the index of immediate memory (Wechsler Memory Scale, WMS III (Wechsler, 1997b); incorporating the Logical Memory I, Faces I, Verbal Paired Associates I, and Family Pictures I), the PASAT (Gronwall & Sampson, 1974; Tombaugh, 2006) and a prospective memory test (designed by the research group), which meant that the participant had to try to remember to give the examiner a piece of candy after each test (see (Eskildsen et al., 2015)). The following test sequence was used for all participants on all occasions (Eskildsen et al., 2016): (a) The prospective memory test which continued throughout the session, (b) Digit Symbol Coding, (c) Symbol Search, (d) Logical Memory I, (e) Faces I, (f) Verbal Paired Associates I, (g) Family Pictures I, (h) the PASAT.