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Ultrasound in Detection of Growth Retarded Fetuses
Published in Asim Kurjak, John M. Beazley, Fetal Growth Retardation: Diagnosis and Treatment, 2020
Viŝnja Latin, Jadranka Pavletić
Accuracy obtained with a static scanner is similar to that obtained by real-time equipment.20 To obtain reproducibility with the method, the standard plane of measurement is essential.21 This includes the thalamus and cavum septi pellucidi. The occipito-frontal diameter and head circumference should be measured in the same section. The shape of the skull should be ovoid, and the midline echo, which is generated by the interhemispheric fissure, should be exactly in the middle. After obtaining the proper section, ultrasonic gain should be reduced to avoid apparently “thickening” of the skull. Calipers should be placed at the outer edge of the image of the proximal skull to the inner edge of the distal skull (Figures 2A and 2B).
Normal Fetal Anatomy
Published in Asim Kurjak, CRC Handbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2019
Posteriorly to the anterior horns, there are two echoes of similar appearance that are placed very close to the midline echo. They represent the medial walls of the posterior horns of the lateral ventricle. The lateral walls of the posterior horns are not visible, but its size may be estimated by measuring the distance between the medial wall and lateral edge of the choroid plexus, which normally occupies a part of the posterior horns8 (Figure 9). By moving the probe slightly lower, anteriorly in the midline one encounters an echoic rectangular area as the first break in the continuous midline echo (Figure 10). At first, it was mistakenly considered to represent the third ventricle. Some investigators attribute it to the cavum septi pellucidi, and others to the trunk of the corpus callosum.10,11
Neuropsychological functioning in ageing retired NFL players: a critical review
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2020
Jeff Schaffert, Christian LoBue, Lindy Fields, Kristin Wilmoth, Nyaz Didehbani, John Hart, C. Munro Cullum
Cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) is a reported neuropathological feature of CTE (McKee & Daneshvar, 2015), and has been investigated in both the DETECT cohort and the Casson et al. (2014) cohort. In a 2016 study investigating CSP presence and length in symptomatic former football players (i.e. DETECT cohort), CSP was found in 66 of 72 (92%) former NFL players compared to eight out of 14 non-contact athlete controls (57%) (Koerte et al., 2016). CSP was significantly longer in NFL players compared to controls, and a greater than 6 mm CSP length was associated with reduced verbal learning and word reading in NFL players, but none of the other 22 neuropsychological or mood measures (Koerte et al., 2016). In the Casson cohort, CSP was also a common finding, occurring in 35 of 45 (78%) former NFL players, although the vast majority (32) were small (rated qualitatively by the authors) (Kuhn et al., 2017). Unlike previous findings by Koerte et al., however, there were no neuropsychological or mood (depressive) measures that correlated with CSP in this cohort, suggesting that future study over the clinical significance of CSP in NFL players is warranted (Kuhn et al., 2017).
CGH Array and Karyotype as Complementary Tools in Prenatal Diagnosis: Prenatal Diagnosis of a 4q Derivative Chromosome from Maternal 4q;11q Translocation
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2018
Cristina Gonzalez, Miriam Gutierrez Serrano, Carmen Barbancho Lopez, Taida Garcia-Riaño, Vanesa Barea Calero, Rebeca Moreno Perea, Begoña Rodriguez Mogollón, Amelia Queipo Rojas, Ana Garcia Climent, Fernando Cava Valenciano
CASE REPORT: A 27-year-old woman, was seen for an ordinary, low risk second pregnancy at our Hospital. She had a previous normal delivery and a first trimester spontaneous abortion. She had a family history of third trimester abortions and two of her sisters had stillborns. Earlier in the current pregnancy, the first trimester echography was normal with a risk index for trisomy 21 of 1/1.580 and for trisomy 18 of 1/10.000. The 20-week echography did not show any pathological findings. At the regular 26-week visit, the ultrasound scan exam showed the following anatomical anomalies: exophthalmos (Fig. 1a), a double abdominal bubble image (Fig. 1b), persistence of the left superior cava vein (Fig. 1c) an increased 3rd and 4th ventricle space (Fig. 1d), abnormal cavum septi pellucidi, and a 15th percentile growth.
Presence of Cervical Vertebral Anomalies with Concomitant Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus and Multicystic Kidney in a Female Fetus: Where VACTERL-H Meets MURCS
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2021
Christoph Dracopoulos, Michael Gembicki, Jann Lennard Scharf, Amrei Welp, Nadine Berg, Jan Weichert
A 20-year-old primigravida was referred to our US unit at 19 + 2 weeks of pregnancy for a targeted ultrasound due to bilateral ventricular enlargement. The mother was underweight with a prepregnancy BMI of <15 kg/m2 and a present BMI of still <18 kg/m2, apart from this both parents were healthy and phenotypically normal. Consanguinity was excluded. The family history was unremarkable, and the mother had no regular medication. Exposure to known teratogenic substances or noxious agents was not recalled. The detailed anatomic survey confirmed massively enlarged lateral and 3rd ventricles, fenestrated cavum septi pellucidi and enlarged foramina of Monro resembling a nonsymmetrical, non-communicating (occlusive) hydrocephalus (Fig. 1). Sagittal and coronal views revealed that the residual cortex was thinned; the corpus callosum was present but also thinned and elevated, while the cerebellum was unusually shaped and slightly descended in the posterior fossa (Fig. 2). The most likely underlying cause of the hydrocephalus was a skin-covered meningocele spanning the region from vertebra C5 to Th1 of the lower cervical and upper thoracic spine respectively (Fig. 3). Three-dimensional imaging of the spine clearly depicted the spinal defect with abnormal deviation of the vertebral arches as seen in the coronal view (Fig. 4). In addition to the central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities the female fetus had a unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) on the left side (Fig. 5) with typical non-communicating cysts within the renal cortex and reduced blood flow. A thorough multiplanar 3 D evaluation of the pelvic structures could not exclude a Mullerian duct anomaly with certainty. The prenatal findings led to the suspicion of two possible differential diagnoses: MURCS association with concomitant hydrocephalus or VACTERL-H association. At the parents’ request, the pregnancy was terminated at 19 + 4 weeks of pregnancy after interdisciplinary counseling. Prenatal findings were then correlated with the fetopsy for the final diagnosis.