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Review of the Human Brain and EEG Signals
Published in Teodiano Freire Bastos-Filho, Introduction to Non-Invasive EEG-Based Brain–Computer Interfaces for Assistive Technologies, 2020
Alessandro Botti Benevides, Alan Silva da Paz Floriano, Mario Sarcinelli-Filho, Teodiano Freire Bastos-Filho
This section analyzes the circuits that are involved in motor activity, linking different areas of the motor cortex. Actually, the initiation of voluntary movements engages areas in frontal, prefrontal, and parietal cortices, which are connected to the basal nuclei,20 deep in the brain. The basal nuclei receive most of its input signals from the cerebral cortex and return almost all of their output signals to the cerebral cortex. In each hemisphere, the basal nuclei are formed by the caudate nucleus, putamen,21 globus pallidus,22 subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra,23 which are located around the thalamus, occupying a large portion of the internal regions of both brain hemispheres (Figure 1.12a). The caudate and putamen together are called the striatum, which is the target from the cortical afference to the basal nuclei [2].
Dementia in Movement Disorders
Published in W. R. Wayne Martin, Functional Imaging in Movement Disorders, 2019
Caudate metabolism also appears to be closely linked to performance on psychometric tests that deteriorate in early Huntington’s disease.53 Other abilities that remain less affected in early stages of the illness, such as vocabulary and verbal IQ, are not closely correlated. Glucose metabolic rate in the putamen also correlate with these measures, but thalamic metabolism does not (Table 2). Metabolic activity in subcortical structures is not related to performance in normals. Thus, functional impairment of the caudate nucleus and putamen appear to be responsible for the development of dementia in the early stages of Huntington’s disease.
Transplantation
Published in Stephen W. Carmichael, Susan L. Stoddard, The Adrenal Medulla 1986 - 1988, 2017
Stephen W. Carmichael, Susan L. Stoddard
Several of these reports included discussions of the possibility that the adrenal medullary grafts are not providing therapeutic benefit for the patients by secreting dopamine into the striatum but, rather, trophic factors or response to the injury in the brain was causing some therapeutic effects. Commenting on this latter possibility, Motti, Pezzoli, Silani et al. (1988) reported that they had performed biopsies of the head of the caudate nucleus in seven patients with Parkinson’s disease. In one patient, autologous adrenal tissue was implanted at the site of biopsy 2 weeks later. Five of the other patients remain improved for a follow-up of about 2 years. The patient receiving the adrenal transplant was reported as definitely improved. They did not conclude that surgical damage to the caudate nucleus per se substantially influences the course of Parkinson’s disease.
Newborn differential DNA methylation and subcortical brain volumes as early signs of severe neurodevelopmental delay in a South African Birth Cohort Study
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2022
Anke Hüls, Catherine J. Wedderburn, Nynke A. Groenewold, Nicole Gladish, Meaghan J. Jones, Nastassja Koen, Julia L. MacIsaac, David T. S. Lin, Katia E. Ramadori, Michael P. Epstein, Kirsten A. Donald, Michael S. Kobor, Heather J. Zar, Dan J. Stein
While we did not find that altered neonatal brain volumes mediate the association between DNAm and neurodevelopmental delay, we demonstrated that larger neonatal caudate volumes were associated with neurodevelopmental delay at 2 years of age, particularly in motor function. The caudate nucleus is one of the structures that make up the corpus striatum, which is a component of the basal ganglia. The caudate nucleus plays a prominent role in motor processes, and caudate nucleus dysfunction has been found in Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s chorea, dyskinesias, obsessive–compulsive disorder and other movement and cognitive disorders (Schultz 2016). Similarly, studies of children have found that the caudate is involved in executive function processes and is associated with autism spectrum disorders (Voelbel et al. 2006).
Cortical Morphometry and Its Relationship with Cognitive Functions in Children after non-CNS Cancer
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2021
Janine S. Spitzhüttl, Martin Kronbichler, Lisa Kronbichler, Valentin Benzing, Valerie Siegwart, Mirko Schmidt, Manuela Pastore-Wapp, Claus Kiefer, Nedelina Slavova, Michael Grotzer, Maja Steinlin, Claudia M. Roebers, Kurt Leibundgut, Regula Everts
Besides the between-group difference in the amygdala volume, we noted a difference in the dorsal striatum, including the caudate nucleus and the putamen, all structures that belong to the basal ganglia. Within the basal ganglia, the striatum is considered a major input structure, receiving input from a wide range of cortical regions associated with perceptual and motor, higher-order executive, and affective-motivational processes.58 Thus, the striatum plays an important role in providing the child with contextual information. The basal ganglia are considered highly metabolically active during childhood and might therefore be particularly susceptible to the effects of cancer and its treatment.59,60 Our data support this suggestion that the striatum may be particularly vulnerable to cancer and its treatment. The importance of the striatum as a relay mechanism might explain its close relations to executive functions in our control sample.
The obsessions of the green-eyed monster: jealousy and the female brain
Published in Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 2021
Nadine Steis, Silvia Oddo-Sommerfeld, Gerald Echterhoff, Aylin Thiel, Jürgen Thiel, Katja Briem, Angela Ciaramidaro, Christine M. Freitag, Axel Mecklinger, Katja Unterhorst, Aglaja Stirn
Compared to self-experienced jealousy (JC), our other-experienced jealousy condition (CC) was more similar to the task given to participants in the study by Takahashi et al. (2006). Because the imagination of a hypothetical infidelity scenario did not elicit the activation patterns we found, our data support Harris’ (2003) analysis of the differences between imagined and self-experienced jealousy at the brain level. However, Sun et al. (2016) found activation patterns similar to those in our study, i.e., activation of caudate nucleus and putamen, which are part of the basal ganglia. In their study, they used hypothetical scenarios as well. It is possible that the sentences used in the study by Takahashi et al. (2006) did not elicit a strong enough emotional reaction to evoke the same activation patterns that were found by us and Sun et al. (2016).