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Signs and Symptoms in Psychiatry
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Essentials of Psychiatric Assessment, 2018
Abnormal posture may be induced by others (catalepsy), or assumed spontaneously by the patient (posturing): Catalepsy: a condition of diminished responsiveness characterized by maintenance of postures imposed by the examiner for a long period of time. It occurs in organic or psychiatric disorders, or under hypnosis. It is usually accompanied by waxy flexibility.Waxy flexibility: the patient shows slight even resistance while moving limbs into imposed positions that are maintained for long periods of time.Posturing: purposeless, voluntary assumption of inappropriate or bizarre postures that are maintained for long periods of time.
100 MCQs from Dr. Brenda Wright and Colleagues
Published in David Browne, Selena Morgan Pillay, Guy Molyneaux, Brenda Wright, Bangaru Raju, Ijaz Hussein, Mohamed Ali Ahmed, Michael Reilly, MCQs for the New MRCPsych Paper A, 2017
Dr Olivia Gibbons, Dr Marie Naughton, Dr Selena Morgan Pillay
Cataplexy is temporary sudden loss of muscle tone, causing weakness and immobilisation. It can be precipitated by a variety of emotional states and is often followed by sleep. It is commonly seen in narcolepsy. Catalepsy is a condition in which a person maintains the body position in which they are placed. It is seen in catatonic schizophrenia and is also called waxy flexibility. Cathexis is a term from psychoanalysis meaning a conscious or unconscious investment of psychic energy into an idea, concept, object or person. Sleep paralysis is an episode of inability to move occurring between wakefulness and sleep, in either direction. Catatonic stupor is a state of decreased reactivity to stimuli in which the patient is aware of their surroundings. (5, p 43, 14, pp 849–59)
Psychotic Disorders including Schizophrenia
Published in R. Thara, Lakshmi Vijayakumar, Emergencies in Psychiatry in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2017
Hema Tharoor, T.C. Ramesh Kumar
In the immobile state, the individual may not move. Akinesia and stupor are synonyms for this state. The patient may appear unresponsive to external stimuli. He/she may be unable to eat, and may die unless parenteral nutrition and fluids are administered. People with catatonia may exhibit catalepsy, the persistent maintenance of spontaneous or imposed postures.
Jean-Martin Charcot´s medical instruments: Electrotherapeutic devices in La Leçon Clinique à la Salpêtrière
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2021
Francesco Brigo, Albert Balasse, Raffaele Nardone, Olivier Walusinski
In 1875, Charcot encouraged Romain Vigouroux (1831–1911) to set up an electrotherapy department at the Salpêtrière, where the practice of faradization to treat hysteria and neurasthenia began in 1881 (Walusinski 2013). Electrical stimuli could be delivered to the face of hysterical patients during the first phase of the hypnotical state (catalepsy). It could be stopped as soon as the desired facial expression had been obtained. As Charcot (1890) wrote, Once produced, the movement imprinted on the features of the face cannot be erased, even after removing the electrodes that had generated it. The facial expression remains immobile during catalepsy, as well as the accompanying attitude and gesture. The subject is thus transformed into a sort of an expressive statue, an immobile model representing with striking truth the most diverse expressions. Definitely, artists could take advantage of this.
Fabrication of solid lipid nanoparticles of lurasidone HCl for oral delivery: optimization, in vitro characterization, cell line studies and in vivo efficacy in schizophrenia
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Mitali H. Patel, Veenu P. Mundada, Krutika K. Sawant
Catalepsy is a measure of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS). It is characterized by a trance or seizure with a loss of sensation and consciousness accompanied by rigidity of the body [48]. The cataleptic study was evaluated up to 21 days to observe the effect of formulations on EPS associated with LH (Figure 14(b)). On the 1st day of treatment, no significant difference in cataleptic response was observed in groups treated with LH-suspension and LH-SLNs. When groups were compared on other days (7th, 14th and 21st day), cataleptic behavior was increased with LH-suspension whereas it was gradually decreased with LH-SLNs. The improvement in catalepsy with LH-SLNs indicating reduction in EPS might be attributed to controlled drug release and fewer fluctuations in drug concentration.
5-HT1A receptor ligands and their therapeutic applications: review of new patents
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2018
Jakub Staroń, Ryszard Bugno, Adam S. Hogendorf, Andrzej J. Bojarski
Researchers from Jagiellonian University and the Institute of Pharmacology PAS [73] disclosed quinoline/isoquinoline sulfonamides of cyclic amines that exhibited differential but generally very high affinity for 5-HT1AR, 5-HT2AR, 5-HT6R, 5-HT7R, D2R, and D3R. Compound 34 (Table 4) exhibited the highest affinity for 5-HT1AR, equal to Ki = 1 nM. All tested derivatives proved to be effective in antipsychotic (PCP-induced hyperactivity) and procognitive (Novel Object Recognition) behavioral tests, with the 4-benzothiophenyl (13) and 3-benzothiazolyl (23) derivatives being the most effective for the PCP-induced hyperactivity and PCP-induced novel object recognition deficit tests (minimal effective dose equal to 1 mg/kg). The presented compounds were further investigated for their antipsychotic potential with prosocial and procognitive effects [74]; 13, which acted as a partial agonist at 5-HT1AR with an EC50 = 28.3 nM, was recognized as a potential novel antipsychotic because of its prominent reversal of PCP-induced hyperactivity, associated with a reversal of social interaction deficit and memory decline. Moreover, this compound displayed no cardiac toxicity and no tendency to induce catalepsy.