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Post-traumatic stress disorder
Published in Alison Brodrick, Emma Williamson, Listening to Women After Childbirth, 2020
Alison Brodrick, Emma Williamson
Ehlers and Clark (2000) developed a comprehensive cognitive model of PTSD that has strongly influenced therapeutic intervention and been shown to be a highly effective treatment (Ehlers et al, 2004). Their model proposes that PTSD symptoms arise as a result of a variety of processes leading to a sense of ongoing threat. For non-traumatic events, the brain processes the memory by integrating it into existing memories of the person’s life story (the ‘autobiographical memory base’ referred to in Chapter 1). For a woman experiencing birth as non-traumatic, she will experience the birth as part of a continuous ‘life story’, with an ongoing sense of herself before, during and after the event.
Methods for assigning impairment
Published in Ramar Sabapathi Vinayagam, Integrated Evaluation of Disability, 2019
Memory function is defined as a mental process to register, store and retrieve information (54). Short-term memory refers to a mental process of storing information for about 30 seconds, and vanishes otherwise it consolidates into long-term memory (55). In recent memory (or) short-term memory, the person listens and remembers the given name and address (or) the names of three objects and repeats immediately (registration) and after 3–5 minutes (recall or retrieval). Long-term memory function refers to a mental process of storing information from short-term memory, autobiographical memory and semantic memory in the long-term storage system (55). A long-term memory lasts from weeks to lifetime and contains the memory of personal experience and knowledge. Autobiographical memory refers to the ability of the person to remember his/her background. It includes the capacity to remember whether he/she hails from a rural (or) urban area, childhood—name of the school in which he/she studied, early adult life—the name of the institution and date of the first employment (to be verified by the family members).
Memory
Published in Andrea Utley, Motor Control, Learning and Development, 2018
Episodic memory is an autobiographical memory for events or episodes that occur in a given time and place. It is memory of how, when and where something happened. For example, many people will remember exactly where they were when the World Trade Center tragically collapsed on 11 September in 2001. Semantic memory is memory for meaningful facts. Your name, math skills and the definition of words are examples of semantic memory. Semantic memory is not tied to time and place and can thus be considered context free. For example, you remember that there are 24 hours in the day, but you probably do not remember where or when you learned this.
Bringing Order to Life: Temporal Order Effects during the Recall of Important Autobiographical Memories in Young and Old Adults
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2023
Lisa Nusser, Tabea Wolf, Daniel Zimprich
A temporal distance effect (e.g., Skowronski et al., 2004) provides an alternative explanation for the age differences found in the present study. AMs that are farther apart are more quickly and more easily ordered temporally. Since younger adults’ important AMs concentrate on a more recent or still ongoing life period, they might benefit less from a temporal ordering strategy. This leads us to another explanation for the smaller temporal order effect observed in younger adults. If a temporal order strategy is not effective, younger adults probably use different, additional retrieval strategies. For instance, previous studies indicated that AMs have also been ordered along an emotional dimension (Nusser & Zimprich, 2021). However, this was not the case in our study (see Footnote 13). Of course, this does not rule out that younger adults applied retrieval strategies based on attributes different from importance or emotional valence. This would be in line with the multi-process view of voluntary autobiographical memory recall. For instance, Mace, Clevinger, Delaney, Mendes, and Simpson (2017) showed that in a sample of younger adults, different retrieval strategies (e.g., direct, repeating, temporal, hierarchical – in descending order) were applied during the recall of cued AMs. Note, however, that the study included younger adults only. Therefore, no conclusion regarding age differences in the number of strategies used during recall of AMs can be drawn.
Painful reminders: Involvement of the autobiographical memory system in pediatric postsurgical pain and the transition to chronicity
Published in Canadian Journal of Pain, 2022
Anna Waisman, Maria Pavlova, Melanie Noel, Joel Katz
Autobiographical memory refers to a declarative memory system comprising specific past events (episodic memory) and factual knowledge about oneself and the world (semantic memory).12,13 These two components are highly interdependent and often influence each other at various stages of memory processing.14,15 Autobiographical memory is necessary for our ability to perform various fundamental, non-mnemonic functions such as directing future behavior through imagination, problem solving, and decision making.16–20 It allows us to maintain a positive self-image21 and sense of self-continuity over time,22,23 foster and sustain social relationships with others,24,25 regulate negative emotionality,17,26 think creatively,27,28 and solve problems efficiently.29
Non-invasive brain intervention techniques used in patients with disorders of consciousness
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Zeyu Shou, Zhilong Li, Xueying Wang, Miaoyang Chen, Yang Bai, Haibo Di
Music can be defined as a combination of tones and beats, among others, over a period of time. It is very important in people’s daily life, as hearing familiar music can produce special memories and emotions [74]. This kind of memory is mainly autobiographical memory, and evocative emotions are positive and intense. Music can also evoke nostalgic emotions [75]. Neuroimaging studies have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex plays a central role when we experience episodic memory triggered by songs we remember from the past [76]. Mechanically, the entire limbic system, including the amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, anterior cingulate gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex, is activated while listening to music [77]. Music perception requires complex processing, including many cognitive functions [76]. Therefore, music stimulation can be used as a clinical intervention. It is defined as the planned and purposeful use of music to meet the social, psychological, physical and spiritual needs of individuals in the evolutionary process to produce therapeutic effects. In 2006, Schellenberg et al. found that musical stimuli could have a positive effect on cognitive processes [78]. Many studies demonstrated that listening to a short piece of music could improve the ability of follow-up language grammar processing in patients with basal ganglia injury [79], Parkinson’s disease [80] and developmental language disorders [81].