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Transplacental Cocaine Exposure: Behavioral Consequences
Published in Richard J. Konkol, George D. Olsen, Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, 2020
Aaron S. Wilkins, Barry E. Kosofsky, Anthony G. Romano, John A. Harvey
An additional influence on the rate of learning has to do with the salience of the CS. Stimulus salience is directly related to stimulus intensity when comparing stimuli of the same modality. When comparing stimuli of different modalities, stimulus salience has traditionally been defined in terms of the rate of learning associated with a given CS.75 Given two CSs, the one associated with the faster rate of acquisition is said to be the more salient of the two. For normal rabbits, auditory stimuli tend to be more salient than visual stimuli. Thus, the accelerated rate of acquisition to the tone CS observed in cocaine progeny suggests not only that the tone was more salient than the light but also that the tone received more attentional processing than normal. That is, the difference in salience between the light and tone produced a disproportionate difference in attentional processing for cocaine progeny.
Central Auditory Processing: From Diagnosis to Rehabilitation
Published in Stavros Hatzopoulos, Andrea Ciorba, Mark Krumm, Advances in Audiology and Hearing Science, 2020
Maria Isabel Ramos do Amaral, Leticia Reis Borges, Maria Francisca Colella-Santos
Based on this definition, central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) can be understood and is defined as a deficit in neural processing of auditory stimuli, which may coexist or be associated with other disorders or difficulties in higher-order language, learning, and communication functions. In other words, it refers to a dysfunction in the CANS that leads to certain hearing difficulties and, consequently, specific behavioral manifestations (AAA, 2010).
Laterality Effects for Higher Cognitive Processes
Published in Robert Miller, Axonal Conduction Time and Human Cerebral Laterality, 2019
Perception of emotion may be influenced by two quite different sorts of stimuli: Neutral stimuli may secondarily acquire emotional meaning because of what they are used to signify. Examples of this include the auditory stimuli used to represent emotion (e.g. by means of prosody in speech, or of melodic line or harmony in music), or the perception of visual stimuli used to convey emotion (e.g. body gesture). Similarly, emotion may be conveyed in the visual or auditory sense by explicit word meanings; or it may be merely inferred without ever using a word of direct emotional meaning. Quite apart from neutral stimuli which acquire secondary emotional meaning, emotional experience may be affected by primary emotional stimuli, in other words stimuli used as rewards or punishments. The primary and secondary emotional attributes of stimuli are not sharply separate in practice, and sometimes, it is not clear whether the emotional attributes of a stimulus are primary or secondary. For instance with facial expressions conveying emotion, it is difficult to say whether the stimulus is a primary emotional one, or one which has secondarily acquired emotional value.
Temporal features of goal-directed movements change with source, but not frequency, of rhythmic auditory stimuli
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2022
Carrie M. Peters, Cheryl M. Glazebrook
Magennis et al. (2019) suggest that the highly arousing nature of pleasant and unpleasant auditory stimuli contribute to improved performance. When participants heard prerecorded autobiographical memories that elicit anger and joy, they exhibited in shorter sit-to walk times and increased movement smoothness in young adults (Kang & Gross, 2015, 2016). Additionally, participants had shorter reaction times in a force production task with exposure to unpleasant stimuli (Coombes et al., 2007a). Consistent with the present results, the authors found that improvements in reaction time were due to premotor processes, such as attention and motor planning, rather than motor phases (Coombes et al., 2007b). Existing literature has used potent emotion eliciting stimuli including autobiographical memories (Kang & Gross, 2015, 2016), images, videos and art (Beatty et al., 2016). These modalities of emotion eliciting stimuli are likely more effective at influencing emotional state than the drum stimuli used here, and in turn have a greater impact on movement control. Beatty et al. (2016) suggest that modifications to attention and motor behavior with unpleasant emotional states have evolutionary origins, where humans needed to avoid certain events for survival. The present experiment used consistent metronome and drum conditions, which given the large range of emotion eliciting auditory stimuli, including music, represent a relatively narrow portion of the music spectrum. Therefore, the auditory stimuli may have failed to elicit an adequate emotional response, and therefore had a lesser impact on movement performance.
A proof-of-concept study comparing tinnitus and neural connectivity changes following multisensory perceptual training with and without a low-dose of fluoxetine
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
G. D. Searchfield, D. P. Spiegel, T.N.E.R. Poppe, M. Durai, M. Jensen, K. Kobayashi, J. Park, B.R. Russell, G. S. Shekhawat, F. Sundram, B.B. Thompson, K. J. Wise
Multisensory training relied on repeatedly completing a simple visual task combined with auditory and tactile stimulation [33] (Figure 1). At the beginning of each trial, participants were presented with three horizontally aligned white dots on a black background. The multisensory treatment combined auditory, tactile and visual stimuli and was presented via a laptop that participants took home. The auditory stimulus was a monaural pure tone presented for 120 ms. The tone’s pitch was measured and adjusted (“calibrated”) each day to match the subjective tinnitus pitch. The tactile stimulus was a brief vibration (120 ms) delivered to the participant’s temple. Each trial lasted approximately 2000 ms, depending on each participant’s reaction time, and an inter-trial interval of 1000 ms was jittered by ± up to 500 ms. Auditory stimuli were delivered via iPod® ear-bud style earphones. Tactile stimulation was generated by vibration patches (Little Bird Electronics, Lilypad-vibe-board, DEV-11008). Participants were instructed to fixate on a dot in the center of a computer screen and make a saccade to the left or right dot when the center dot changed into a diamond or a square, respectively. In addition, they were asked to hit an arrow key corresponding to the side of the saccade. Auditory stimuli were presented in a congruent pattern, such that visual, auditory and tactile stimuli were delivered to the tinnitus-dominant side.
Literature overview on P3 measurement as an objective measure of auditory performance in post-lingually deaf adults with a cochlear implant
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2019
Laure Jacquemin, Griet Mertens, Winfried Schlee, Paul Van de Heyning, Annick Gilles
ERPs in CI users can be evoked by a wide range of stimuli and the choice of the stimulus mainly depends on the research question. Most studies use auditory stimuli and/or visual stimuli in their experiments. Nonsense syllables are often chosen as auditory stimuli, but pure tones, complex tones, noise or words are also used. The use of speech stimuli may be optimal for assessing central processing during speech perception (Beynon et al. 2002). General recommendations for P3 recording in clinical research are published by Duncan et al. (2009). The recommended frequencies are 1.0 kHz (target) and 0.5 kHz (standard) with a duration between 50 ms and 150 ms, a 5 ms rise- and fall time and an intensity of 70 dB SPL. The interstimulus interval should be approximately 1–2 s and even longer if the task is difficult. The probability of the target is preferred to be between 10 and 20% with a minimum of 36 artefact-free trials (Duncan et al. 2009). However, it is important to bear in mind that these recommendations are not specific for CI studies. The parts of the cochlea stimulated by these recommended stimuli will differ between CI users. Hence, CI-related factors need to be taken into account, such as implant model, number of active electrodes and insertion angle. In CI studies, stimuli with a short duration can be used in order to minimise the overlap between the CI artefact and the ERPs.