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Prostaglandins
Published in Shojiro Inoué, Biology of Sleep Substances, 2020
Ueno et al.40,42 have recently reported that PGD2 is involved in the regulation of sleep in rhesus monkeys. On a monkey chair, animals were i.c.v. infused with PGD2 for a 6-h diurnal period through a chronically implanted cannula in the lateral cerebral ventricle. Control monkeys were infused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a similar manner. Although sensitivities to PGD2 were slightly different among individual monkeys, i.c.v. infusion of this substance at 5.4 to 810 nmol for 6 h dose-dependently increased the amount
Synthesis, Enzyme Localization, and Regulation of Neurosteroids
Published in Sheryl S. Smith, Neurosteroid Effects in the Central Nervous System, 2003
FIGURE 16.10 3α5βHS attenuates NMDA-evoked release of extracellular dopamine in the striatum. (A) Rats were implanted with a striatal dialysis guide cannula a minimum of 2 days prior to the experiment. A microdialysis probe was inserted either 2 or 12 h prior to the initiation of the experiment. Artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) was infused at 2 μl/min. Samples were analyzed by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Dopamine concentrations were normalized to an external standard and plotted as percentage change from baseline. Rats were injected with either vehicle or 3α5βHS (0 to 20 mg/kg, i.p.) immediately after the collection of the sample at time 0. After 10 min, the perfusion medium was switched from aCSF to a 1 mM NMDA solution in aCSF. After collection of the next 20-min sample, the perfusion medium was switched back to aCSF and five more samples were collected. Data are mean ± SEM for extracellular concentrations of dopamine, presented as percentages of baseline values. The infusion of NMDA started at the 10-min time point and lasted for 20 min (indicated by horizontal bar). (B) Dose–response curve for 3α5βHS inhibition of NMDA-induced dopamine release at 20 min. Open circle is from a group of rats that had the microdialysis probe inserted 12 h before the start of the experiment. Data points indicate percentage change in NMDA-induced striatal dopamine release. Error bars indicate SEM. Four to six rats per group were used. (From Sodri-Vakili, G. et al., 86, 92–101, 2003. With permission from Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)
ENTRIES A–Z
Published in Philip Winn, Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
The SOLUTION in which a DRUG is dissolved, usually used as the treatment given to a control group in an experiment. The choice of vehicle solution will depend on the route of injection and the solubility of the drug to be dissolved. Artificial CEREBROSPINAL FLUID, ISOTONIC SALINE or PHOSPHATE BUFFER are most commonly used. A term often used in PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY research, the vehicle can be a number of different types of solutions. In EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, it is important to have a vehicle control group, in order to eliminate non-specific factors, not related to the drug itself, that might contribute to an observed effect. For example, one might be interested in testing the behavioural effects of a drug that only dissolves in a solution that is slightly acidic. Suppose that the treatment, which is given subcutaneously, appears to lower motor activity. This may be the effect of the drug, or it could be due to an adverse effect of the acidic solution under the skin (or perhaps, simply to the stress of the injection itself). The only way to dissociate these effects to include a vehicle control group.
N-(levodopa) chitosan derivative based on click chemistry shows biological functionality in brain cells
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2023
Olimpia Ortega-Fimbres, Marcelino Montiel-Herrera, Denisse García-Villa, Jonathan Pérez-Delgado, Diana Monge-Sanchez, Daniel Fernández-Quiroz, Enrique de la Re-Vega, Claudia Molina-Domínguez, Aracely Angulo-Molina, Claudia Castillo-Martín del Campo, Waldo Argüelles-Monal, Humberto Astiazaran-García, Alejandra Preciado-Saldaña, Abraham Domínguez-Ávila, Gustavo González-Aguilar
Artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) was prepared daily, and contained (in mM): 125 NaCl, 25 NaHCO3, 3 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4-H2O, 10 C6H12O6, 1 MgCl2, 2 CaCl2, pH adjusted to 7.4. Chitosan (IDEBIO S. L., Spain, Xn ≈ 4300, polydispersity index= 1.4, DA = 0.15) was purified as previously described [18]. Chitosan (0.5 wt %) was dissolved in an aqueous acetic acid solution (0.5 M). The solution was filtered through filter paper (11 µm), precipitated by dropwise addition of sodium hydroxide (10 wt %) until pH 8, carefully washed with water until no change in conductivity was detected, and freeze-dried. Levodopa (l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) and sulforhodamine(B) (SRB) [2-(3-diethylamino-6-diethylazaniumylidene-xanthen-9-yl)-5-sulfo-benzenesulfonate], and sodium tripolyphosphate (Na-TPP) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Particularly, Na-TPP (2 mg/mL MilliQ grade water, 0.18 µS cm−1) solutions were prepared daily as needed.
A blockade of microRNA-155 signal pathway has a beneficial effect on neural injury after intracerebral haemorrhage via reduction in neuroinflammation and oxidative stress
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Wenwen Zhang, Luping Wang, Ruimin Wang, Zongsheng Duan, Hushan Wang
The rats were anaesthetised by inhalation of isoflurane oxygen mixture (2–5% isoflurane in 100% oxygen), then immobilised in a stereotaxic apparatus (David Kopf, USA). After making a midline incision, the skull was exposed and one burr hole was drilled. According to the previous reports (Zhang et al. 2015a, Zhang et al. 2015b), bacterial collagenase (type VII; Sigma Co.) was injected into the right basal ganglia (coordinates, 0.2 mm anterior, 6 mm ventral, and 3 mm lateral to the bregma). Collagenase [0.5 U in 2 μl artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF)] was infused into the brain over a period of 5 min via a Harvard pump before the injection needle was removed and the burr hole was covered by dental zinc cement. The same volume of aCSF was infused into the right basal ganglia as control.
The effect of serotonin on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2019
Mehmet Taskiran, Abdulkadir Tasdemir, Nusret Ayyildiz, Mustafa Ayyildiz, Erdal Agar
The seizure activity was triggered by penicillin G potassium (500 units, i.c.) [22]. Chemical agents were administered 30 min after penicillin (i.c.) administration. The drugs used in this study were 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) as a 5-HT2 receptor agonist, methysergide as a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, and 5-hydroxytryptophan as a 5-HT precursor. All chemicals were obtained from Sigma Aldrich and dissolved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid consisting of 124 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1.2 mM KH2PO4, 2.4 mM CaCl2.2H2O, 1.3 mM MgSO4.7H2O, 26 mM NaHCO3, and 10 mM D(+)glucose, saturated with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. DOI and 5-HTP were injected intraperitoneally while methysergide was administered intracerebroventricularly.