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Published in Lisa Zammit, Georgeanne Schopp, Relational Care, 2022
Lisa Zammit, Georgeanne Schopp
The hippocampus is part of the limbic system, critical in learning and memory. It consolidates information and associates memories with emotions. The anterior cingulate controls normal emotions. Strong emotions are controlled by the amygdala, the center for emotional response to specific stimuli.
The emotional brain: Combining insights from patients and basic science
Published in Howard J. Rosen, Robert W. Levenson, Neurocase, 2020
Howard J. Rosen, Robert W. Levenson
The medial frontal regions, especially the anterior cingulate cortex, also play a role in emotion. Similar to the amygdala, these regions are active during viewing of emotional faces in fMRI studies (Phan et al., 2002), and during tasks where decisions are in part mediated by the emotional content of the stimulus (Bush et al., 2000). Researchers often distinguish between the more dorsal portion the anterior cingulate cortex, which is thought to play an important role in monitoring of cognitive processing, and the more ventral anterior cingulate, which appears to subserve monitoring of internal sensations related to emotional functions (Vogt et al., 2003). Lesions to ventral and medial frontal regions impair recognition of emotions (Hornak et al., 2003). As will be discussed below, the anterior cingulate also plays an important role in mediating reactions to emotional stimuli.
Neuroanatomy and Brain Perfusion in Functional Somatic Syndromes
Published in Peter Manu, The Psychopathology of Functional Somatic Syndromes, 2020
Compared with data obtained in the healthy control group, the severity of pain and the expanse of the painful abdominal surface produced by a 55-mm Hg rectal distention were significantly higher in the irritable bowel syndrome group. Rectal distention produced significant activation of the four brain regions of interest in both groups. In patients with irritable bowel syndrome, but not in the control subjects, the 55-mm Hg (i.e., painful) rectal distention produced greater regional cerebral activation in the anterior cingulate cortex and thalamus than a 30-mm Hg distention. The phenomenon remained constant throughout the series of four distensions at 55 mm Hg, suggesting lack of sensitization or anticipatory response to pain. In the irritable bowel group, the subjective rating of pain severity did not correlate with the degree of cerebral activation. In contrast, the activation of the anterior cingulate cortex correlated significantly with the pain perceptions of the healthy control subjects.
Intimate partner violence and brain imaging in women: A neuroimaging literature review
Published in Brain Injury, 2023
Jirapat Likitlersuang, David H. Salat, Catherine B. Fortier, Katherine M. Iverson, Kimberly B. Werner, Tara Galovski, Regina E. McGlinchey
A study by Seedat et al. (27) applied pMRS in women with IPV experience who were diagnosed with PTSD, women with IPV experience without PTSD, and women without any history of trauma (control). The study measured brain biomolecules including N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and myo-inositol (mI) relative to creatine (Cr) in the anterior cingulate. The result reveals that individuals with IPV and PTSD had significantly higher Cho/Cr and mI/Cr than IPV without PTSD. The author speculates that the higher Cho/Cr is due to more severe gray matter atrophy in PTSD, which in turn increases the white matter volume and therefore contributes to higher Cho/Cr ratios. Furthermore, in subjects with PTSD high concentration of myo-inositol in astrocytes (a putative glial cell marker) are observed. This may be associated with cell proliferation. This therefore suggests a physical damage in brain integrity of the anterior cingulate. It should be noted that additional work is needed as no volumetric structural information is provided to support the hypothesis.
Recent innovations in non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) for the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression: a narrative review
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2022
Eleonora Piccoli, Matteo Cerioli, Michele Castiglioni, Luca Larini, Carolina Scarpa, Bernardo Dell’Osso
In January 2013, FDA approved deep high-frequency rTMS delivered on the left DLPFC for the treatment of MDD episodes in patients who failed to respond to antidepressant medications. This novel magnetic stimulation method enables a focussed, non-invasive stimulation of deeper brain regions while reducing the activation of other cortical areas. The FDA approval was strongly supported by a multicentre sham-controlled study including 212 patients (Levkovitz et al., 2015) that showed a significant reduction in depression scores (HDRS-21) and remission rates in the active group. Nearly 10 years later, the use of deep TMS over the medial PFC and anterior cingulate cortex was also validated by the FDA as an adjunct for the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) (Cohen et al., 2022).
Add-on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with opioid use disorder undergoing methadone maintenance therapy
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2021
Tsung-Yu Tsai, Tzu-Yun Wang, Yu Chia Liu, Po-Wei Lee, Wei Hung Chang, Tsung-Hua Lu, Huai-Hsuan Tseng, Sheng-Yu Lee, Yun-Hsuan Chang, Yihong Yang, Po See Chen, Kao Chin Chen, Yen Kuang Yang, Ru-Band Lu
The repeated use of substances such as opioids leads to neuroadaptations in the ventral striatum and ventral tegmental areas, which in turn results in decreased dopamine secretion (9). These changes are accompanied by increased saliency, increased cue reactivity and craving for the abused substance, and the neural basis for these changes includes increases in striatal and prefrontal responses to addiction-related cues (10–12). Disruptions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) are also present in addictive disorders, and these disruptions may underlie weakened cognitive and behavioral control and a higher tendency to cue-induced relapse in substance use (13). Furthermore, the impairment of frontal brain circuits is related to a higher susceptibility to stress and stress-induced relapse (14). Together, these compromised brain activity patterns are associated with a higher chance of relapse in substance use disorder, including OUD subjects (13). Interventions that aim to ameliorate these deficits may help addicted individuals overcome craving and achieve better outcomes.