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Disorders of Consciousness
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Carbon monoxide poisoning (Figure 4.20): carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin 200 times more avidly than oxygen. It is obtained from: Car exhaust fumes.Fumes from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, particularly in poorly ventilated heating systems.Household gas where natural gas is not used.Metabolic conversion of methylene chloride that is found in paint strippers.
Experimental Lung Carcinogenesis by Intratracheal Instillation
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
B(a)P, like other PACs, occurs frequently in the environment. It occurs mainly as a result of incomplete combustion. Pylev (1961) and Shabad (1962) produced lung tumors by IT instillation of B(a)P into rats. Herrold and Dunham (1962), Gross et al. (1965), and Saffiotti et al. (1968) demonstrated bronchogenic lung tumors in hamsters by IT instillation of B(a)P.
Trauma and Poisoning
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Extremely high temperatures also cause burns, although the term burn technically applies to tissue injury from electrical or chemical insult as well as thermal injuries. Burns can be classified as superficial, in which regeneration occurs rapidly from uninjured epidermal elements* or deep burns, which destroy the epidermis and much of the dermis. Electrical burns result from heat generated at the point of skin contact with the conductor, the area of highest electrical resistance, which can reach temperatures up to 5000° Celsius. Because of the intense heat, tissue damage is often more severe and widespread than at first apparent. Chemical burns result from exposure to irritating chemicals of various types and may slowly extend for several hours. Inhalation burns usually are caused by inhalation of the products of incomplete combustion, which are irritants, rather than by heat. Usually, only steam inhalation causes actual thermal damage to the respiratory tract.
Smoldering and flaming biomass wood smoke inhibit respiratory responses in mice
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2019
Marie McGee Hargrove, Yong Ho Kim, Charly King, Charles E. Wood, M. Ian Gilmour, Janice A. Dye, Stephen H. Gavett
The products of wildfire smoke are numerous and depend on the nature of the fuel and combustion conditions. Burning each of the three fuels (peat, oak, or eucalyptus) under either flaming or smoldering conditions produced modifications in pulmonary and inflammatory responses. However, the smoldering phase (involving incomplete combustion) emits a higher ratio of pollutants to the fuel consumed and higher PM content, yielding overall greater respiratory and inflammatory effects. Smoldering combustion of oak and eucalyptus produced greater effects on respiratory responses (breathing frequency, minute volume, and peak inspiratory flow) indicating the importance of PM composition in toxicity of biomass combustion. Changes in real-time pulmonary function were more sensitive than other indices of toxicity produced by biomass smoke exposures. Biomass smoke suppressed inflammatory cell numbers and pro-allergic cytokines under both combustion conditions from all fuel types. Collectively, these findings suggest smoldering oak or eucalyptus smoke exposures lead to greater reductions in respiration and inflammatory responses than smoldering peat.
Prevalence and determinants of airflow limitation in urban and rural children exposed to cooking fuels in South-East Nigeria
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2018
Tagbo Oguonu, Ijeoma N. Obumneme-Anyim, Joy N. Eze, Adaeze C. Ayuk, Chinyere V. Okoli, Ikenna K. Ndu
About half of the world population use biomass fuels as their primary source of domestic energy for cooking, home heating and light [1]. Globally, the household use of biomass fuel is the most significant source of indoor air pollution leading to respiratory complications and death in about 4.3 million people per year worldwide [2]. Women and children are most vulnerable, with high morbidity/mortality attributable to household air pollution (HAP) owing to their more involvement in daily cooking and other domestic activities within the home [3]. Different types of biomass fuel produce different effects on the body organs, particularly the respiratory system. The most efficient fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and electric stoves generate more heat and fewer pollutants per unit of fuel but are more expensive [3]. Incomplete combustion results in black carbon emission with an adverse effect on health [4].
Carbon monoxide poisoning from waterpipe smoking: a retrospective cohort study
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2018
Lars Eichhorn, Dirk Michaelis, Michael Kemmerer, Björn Jüttner, Kay Tetzlaff
Waterpipe (alternative terms shisha, hookah, narghile, hubble-bubble) smoking has become popular in the Western hemisphere, especially among the youth [1,2]. Common wisdom holds that waterpipe smoking is less harmful and less addictive than cigarette smoking, partly due to the fact that smoke is passing through water [3–5]. In waterpipes, burning charcoal is used to heat tobacco. The smoke is traveling down through a half-filled water bowl through a submerged tube. The inhaled smoke contains numerous toxicants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile aldehydes and carbon monoxide [6–9]. A waterpipe smoking session may expose the subject during one single session to as much smoke as a cigarette smoker inhales consuming 100 or more cigarettes [7,10–12]. The World Health Association has issued an advisory note to address the growing concerns about the increasing prevalence and potential health effects of tobacco smoking using waterpipes [11]. Both the incomplete combustion of the tobacco and the charcoal briquette contribute to the elevated levels of carbon monoxide in waterpipe cafes [13].