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One Health
Published in Rebecca A. Krimins, Learning from Disease in Pets, 2020
Comparative medicine can provide insights and advances in fighting disease and improving health and increasing life span. For example, dogs are excellent models for studying respiratory cancers of humans because of their exposure to such things as in-home tobacco smoke, radon and asbestos.32 Cancer in companion animals is very common (estimates put canine cancer deaths at 40–50% of those over the age of 10 years), and remarkably similar to cancer in humans in many ways that mouse models cannot capture.39 This has brought significant attention to the value of spontaneous canine cancer in drug discovery and validation that can benefit companion animals as well as humans.39 This has been coined “comparative oncology”. By tapping into a comparative medicine approach—a One Health approach—we can greatly expand our understanding of diseases, and through clinical trials learn how effective therapies in animals can benefit humans, and vice versa.
Materials and Methods
Published in Jennifer Johnson, Brian DelGiudice, Dinesh S. Bangari, Eleanor Peterson, Gregory Ulinski, Susan Ryan, Beth L. Thurberg, Gayle Callis, The Laboratory Mouse, 2019
Jennifer Johnson, Brian DelGiudice, Dinesh S. Bangari, Eleanor Peterson, Gregory Ulinski, Susan Ryan, Beth L. Thurberg, Gayle Callis
All work with animals was conducted in the Comparative Medicine Department at Sanofi Genzyme (Framingham, MA, USA) in accordance with Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee standards. Both males and females of the two strains of mice used, C57BL/6NCrl and BALB/cAnNCrl mice, were obtained from Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. (Wilmington, MA, USA). Animals were euthanized by carbon dioxide asphyxiation prior to tissue removal and photography.
Introduction
Published in Cornelia Knab, Pathogens Crossing Borders, 2022
In historical research, scholars have recognised animal diseases increasingly as a problem cutting across different forms of borders and have gradually begun to explore the historical dimensions of this phenomenon. Researchers have studied the history of comparative medicine and its investigations of human–animal relations, including a focus on the handling of zoonotic diseases. In this context, researchers have investigated the history of experimentation on animals, combining perspectives from the history of science and medicine with an analysis of the cultural contexts in Europe.31 Recently, researchers have more closely addressed the historical dimensions of the links between human and veterinary medicine, analysing the conceptual shift from ‘one medicine’ to the more comprehensive ‘one health’ and its focus on biological and ecological aspects of animal and human disease control.32 Scholars have further investigated the connection between the economic relevance of animal diseases and their impact on public health, in particular the issue of food security. Madeleine Ferrières’ study on food-related anxieties and the reactions of researchers and governments has shown how, in various historical contexts from the European Middle Ages to the 19th and early 20th centuries, societies had to weigh their fears of certain animal foods against the omnipresent problem of food shortages.33 Other researchers have focused on the histories of particular diseases and have analysed control efforts in different national and international contexts. In the case of rinderpest, Clive A. Spinage’s detailed work describes outbreaks of the disease and its consequences, as well as responses on a worldwide scale.34 Amanda Kay McVety’s study examines the fight against rinderpest as an international effort with a main focus on the years since the beginning of the Second World War; it is one of the few studies which centrally focuses on the international dimension of the history of animal disease control.35 Furthermore, scholars have examined historical aspects of specific animal diseases, such as anthrax or bovine tuberculosis, in their scientific, economic, political and societal contexts and in relation to the present.36 In the case of foot-and-mouth disease, which plays a prominent role in the discussions analysed in the present study because of its high level of contagiousness, its economic relevance and therefore its global significance as a disease cutting across national borders, a comprehensive transregional and transtemporal history of approaches to contain the disease is still missing.37
Menopause, hormone therapy and cognition: maximizing translation from preclinical research
Published in Climacteric, 2021
H. A. Bimonte-Nelson, V. E. Bernaud, S. V. Koebele
Comparative medicine builds a bridge between animal and human health and science, and has contributed tremendously to the advancement of medicine. There are both drawbacks and benefits of using rodent models to discover insights into human systems, diseases and putative treatments. Drawbacks in animal research include the understanding that, while rodent models afford greater experimental control over key factors, they do not seamlessly recapitulate human conditions, diseases or pathologies. Researchers utilizing animal models must be willing to recognize these limitations in their own work in seeking to better understand the human experience, taking care to implement measured and thoughtful study designs with clearly planned controls. Clinical scientists must also recognize limitations in determining causal relationships from correlational and observational studies, particularly given that menopause is typically highly confounded with age and cannot be randomized in human studies. It is also critical to carefully consider the appropriate sample size and statistical method to ensure adequate power to evaluate interactive effects of key variables (e.g. type of menopause and type of intervention) for both preclinical and clinical designs. The translation of findings from preclinical models to clinical populations is improved when basic scientists and clinical researchers consider the strengths and limitations of each approach.
Meeting Report of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Surgical Research: Summary of Presentations, Labs, and Workshops, Focusing on Experimental Surgery, Charleston, SC, September 26–28, 2018
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2019
Melanie L. Graham, Leslie J. Stoll, Jon Ehrmann
Dr. Vince Mendenhall inspired the membership to build the best teams to be most successful in realizing everyday performance improvements and the bigger common goals that require the synergy and team strengths to surpass individual barriers. Surgeons are especially boosted by an effective team capable of anticipating the flow of the procedure. He also reflected on the larger collaborative community in developing new breakthrough therapies, emphasizing the power of interdisciplinary medicine that involves healthcare professionals across fields in comparative medicine. The perspective that veterinary and human medical collaboration is critical to an integrated view of health has been recently termed “Zoobiquity” by Natterson Horowitz and medical author Kathryn Bowers. While Zoobiquity brought attention to the relevance of comparative medicine to daily practice, the ASR has long been progressive in this space as a connected community of healthcare professionals around the shared interest of surgical science.
Human–Animal Parallels in Clinical Ethics and Research Ethics
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2018
Rosoff and colleagues (2018) draw useful parallels between human and animal clinical ethics, but also note that there are important differences. The idea of establishing a clinical ethics committee in the tertiary care veterinary setting is seen as a response to ethical challenges in veterinary practice that resemble ethical challenges in human medical practice, which in turn led to the establishment of clinical ethics committees in hospitals. The success of clinical ethics committees in the human case is an important part of the rationale for the introduction of a clinical ethics committee in the veterinary case. The resemblance of ethical challenges in tertiary veterinary care to ethical challenges in human medical care comes up at different points, but includes such issues as medical care at the end of life, surrogate decision making, complex and conflicting interests of the parties involved (patient, legal guardian/owner, family, caregiver, etc.), and goals and financial costs of care. Rosoff and colleagues also note that comparisons of human medicine and animal medicine have been fruitful enough to lead to the emergence of the field of “comparative medicine” and suggest that their approach to ethical challenges in tertiary veterinary care might similarly lead to “comparative clinical ethics.”