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Timing of Treatment for Craniosynostosis and Faciocraniosynostosis: A 20-Year Experience
Published in Niall MH McLeod, Peter A Brennan, 50 Landmark Papers every Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeon Should Know, 2020
In patients who presented early with non-syndromic craniosynostosis or brachycephaly, treatment was undertaken according to the protocol outlined in Table 18.1. The authors reported that up to 2 years of age, there was little difference in the management of craniosynostosis except for patients with brachycephaly (Table 18.1). The change in protocol for patients with brachycephaly was due to the reduced potential for postoperative brain expansion after 6 months of age. They advised that between 2 and 5 years old the same surgical techniques can be utilised; however, the bone is more difficult to cut and mould, and breaks easily.
Abnormal Skull Shape
Published in Amar Bhide, Asma Khalil, Aris T Papageorghiou, Susana Pereira, Shanthi Sairam, Basky Thilaganathan, Problem-Based Obstetric Ultrasound, 2019
Amar Bhide, Asma Khalil, Aris T Papageorghiou, Susana Pereira, Shanthi Sairam, Basky Thilaganathan
Brachycephaly and dolichocephaly occur when the head is more rounded or elongated, respectively. This is most commonly a normal variant: In brachycephaly the head appears shorter and wider. This is most often due to normal variation but has also been associated with trisomy 21. Premature fusion of the coronal sutures can also be a cause; this is seen in Pfeiffer syndrome, where wide-set eyes, brachydactyly or syndactyly may also coexist.Dolichocephaly is frequently associated with pressure effects due to a fetal breech presentation or reduced amniotic fluid. In late gestation it can be due to premature fusion of the sagittal suture.
Assessment of Fetal Well-Being During the Second Half of Pregnancy
Published in Miriam Katz, Israel Meizner, Vaclav Insler, Fetal Well-Being, 2019
Miriam Katz, Israel Meizner, Vaclav Insler
The Cephalic Index: The cephalic index (CI) is the ratio between the biparietal diameter and the occipitofrontal diameter. Each diameter should be measured from its outer to outer aspects. The normal CI varies from 74 to 83% (±1 SD). A small ratio implies side to side flattening of the fetal head and a large ratio suggests the presence of brachycephaly. The use of the CI is especially recommended in conditions in which dolicocephaly is likely to occur. These conditions include multiple pregnancy fetal growth retardation and oligohydramnion. O’Keefee et al.255 found that in women with premature rupture of the membranes the CI was misleading, predicting incorrectly which fetus was dolicocephalic or brachycephalic.
Naturally Occurring Canine Glioma as a Model for Novel Therapeutics
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2018
Molly E. Hubbard, Susan Arnold, Abdullah Bin Zahid, Matthew McPheeters, M. Gerard O’Sullivan, Alexandru-Flaviu Tabaran, Matthew A. Hunt, G. Elizabeth Pluhar
A total of 99 surgeries were performed on 95 pet dogs, 39 female and 56 male; four dogs underwent two surgical interventions. Eight dogs were excluded from analyses as the final pathology was not glioma. The age ranged from 0.75 to 14.04 with a mean age of 8.3 years. There was an increased incidence in certain brachycephalic breeds, specifically Boxer, Boston, and Staffordshire terriers and French and English bulldogs. Demographic and histologic data are described in Table 1. Seizure was the most common presenting symptom, being present in 83 (87%) dogs at the time of presentation for surgery. Followup rate till death was 100%, however, not all animals had necropsy.
Secular trends in cranial size and shape among black South Africans over the late 19th and 20th centuries
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2020
Frederick E. Grine, Christine Lee, Carrie S. Mongle, Brendon K. Billings, Ian J. Wallace, Victor Mngomezulu
Secular increases in the degree of brachycephaly (i.e. a relative increase in cranial breadth) over the 20th century have been documented in several populations (Kouchi 2000; Hossain et al. 2005; Little et al. 2006; Saini 2014), while decreases in brachcephaly (i.e. a relative decrease in cranial breadth) have been recorded in others (Facchini and Gualdi-Russo 1982; Susanne et al. 1988; Gyenis et al. 2003; Buretić-Tomljanović et al. 2004; Janz and Janz 2016; Cridlin 2018).