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Bacteria
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
In the United States, the number of water treatment plants increased from eighty-three in 1850 to over 4000 in 1900. The first use of chlorine to disinfect a public water supply in the U.S. was in Jersey City in 1908 and was quickly followed by installations in other cities. Water treatment developed primarily as a means of making water potable. The major techniques used in large-scale water purification continue to be coagulation and sedimentation (usually with lime and soda ash), filtration to remove suspended microparticulates, and chlorination to disinfect the water.
Understanding the Role of Existing Technology in the Fight Against COVID-19
Published in Ram Shringar Raw, Vishal Jain, Sanjoy Das, Meenakshi Sharma, Pandemic Detection and Analysis Through Smart Computing Technologies, 2022
The inactivation of microbes has been long done using ultraviolet (UV) light during water purification, medical sterilization, and food processing [39]. A similar technique can be used to disinfect spaces and equipment from the coronavirus. The sterilization technique being developed is based on using UV germicidal irradiation (UVGI), which uses UV-C rays with wavelength ranging from 100–280 nm. However, the UV-C radiations might affect the polymer material used for making personal protective equipment (PPE) such as N95 respirators, and thus compromise its efficiency. As an alternative, UV-B with a wavelength range of 280–315 nm may be used. However, the work on using UV sterilization for coronavirus and PPE is still on examination stage. Nonetheless, the coronavirus has been shown to be sensitive to the exposure of UV light [40]. After the technique has been successfully tested, it may be possible to use the UV machine to sanitize large areas in a very short time. A team based in the USA is making a handheld UV device, which could be used in hospitals, homes, shops, restaurants, etc., to destroy the coronavirus [41]. It was demonstrated that 99.9% of the virus could be destroyed within 30 seconds. Thus, the use of UV light for disinfecting large areas would assist in controlling the transmission of the virus.
Ecology
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
The retention of the phage MS2 on hydrophobic (GVHP) and hydrophilic (GVWP) 0.22-μm microfiltration membranes at different pH levels and with different salts was investigated by Van Voorthuizen et al. (2001). The FRNA phages were employed as one of the models to compare low-protein-binding polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) filters with more advanced polyether sulfone (PES) filters, which both avoided virus adsorption to membranes (Mocé-Llivina et al. 2003a). However, the practical evaluation of small-scale water purification devices showed that the latter, using only filtration through pores of 0.2–0.4 μm or larger, failed in removal of the FRNA phages, and employment of reverse osmosis was necessary to remove the FRNA phages at concentrations under the detection limit (Hörman et al. 2004). As a result, it was emphasized that the FRNA phage test should be obligatory for qualified testing of novel water purification devices.
Ferric-loaded lipid nanoparticles inducing ferroptosis-like cell death for antibacterial wound healing
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Ying Zhou, Chong-Yang Cai, Cheng Wang, Guo-Ming Hu, Yu-Ting Li, Meng-Jiao Han, Shen Hu, Pu Cheng
Magnetic stirrer (SY18-type 1, Sile Instrument Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) was used in all experiments requiring agitation. The size and zeta potential were determined by Zetasizer Nano (Malvern, UK). The sonication was performed using prob type ultrasonic instrument and centrifugation was performed using TGL-16M (Cence, Changsha, China). The UV absorbance and spectrum were recorded by UV spectrophotometer (UV-3600, Shimadzu, Japan). The bacterial concentration was recorded using a microplate reader (Synergy NEO, BioTek, Vermont, USA). A thermostatic shaker (THZ-300C, Yiheng Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China), Superclean bench (SW-CJ-2FD, Sujing Antai Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China), and biochemical incubator (SPX-150BSH-type II, CIMO Medical Device Manufacturing Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China) were used to culture bacteria. The fluorescence imaging were imaged by inverted fluorescence microscope (Eclipse Ti-S, Nikon, Japan). Deionized water was obtained from water purification machine (H20pro-UV-T, Millipore, USA).
Bacterial surface attachment and fouling assay on polymer and carbon surfaces using Rheinheimera sp. identified using bacteria community analysis of brackish water
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Emily Manderfeld, Chidambaram Thamaraiselvan, Maurício Nunes Kleinberg, Lejla Jusufagic, Christopher J. Arnusch, Axel Rosenhahn
Through the rapidly growing global freshwater deficiency, water desalination, as the most promising approach to supply freshwater, is especially needed in arid regions (Cohen-Tanugi and Grossman 2012). Clean water is not only an essential component for domestic use, but also for industries, like the food, beverage, oil, gas, agriculture, pharmaceutical, and petrochemical industries (Teow and Mohammad 2019). Nowadays, the demand for clean water is constantly increasing due to population growth and global climate changes and the challenge is intensified as freshwater resources decrease (Teow and Mohammad 2019). Reverse osmosis (RO), which is a pressure-driven process (Malaeb and Ayoub 2011), is one of the most used methods for obtaining freshwater from saltwater sources (Fritzmann et al. 2007; Ghaffour et al. 2013). Despite many advantages, RO membranes, namely thin-film composite (TFC) polyamide membranes, face the problem of fouling (Subramani and Hoek 2010). Different types of fouling can occur such as crystalline fouling (scaling), organic fouling, particle and colloid fouling, and microbiological fouling (biofouling) (Flemming 1997). This process leads not only to increased operation costs (Flemming 1997) but causes membrane failure in the water purification system. For the different types of fouling, different factors play a role, namely the feed chemistry and composition, the concentration polarization, the membrane properties, and the process operating conditions (Alsawaftah et al. 2021). In general, 40% of the fouling during reverse osmosis filtration is attributed to biofouling (Alsawaftah et al. 2021).
Development of chlorine-induced lung injury in the anesthetized, spontaneously breathing pig
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2021
Rachel Watkins, Rosi Perrott, Simon Bate, Philippa Auton, Sarah Watts, Alexander Stoll, Stephen Rutter, Bronwen Jugg
Chlorine (Cl2) is an important, commonly used toxic industrial chemical produced and transported in large quantities, globally. One of its main uses is in water purification; as such its availability cannot be restricted. The easy availability and inherent toxicity make it attractive to aggressors (both state and non-state or terrorist groups) willing to disrupt infrastructure or cause mass panic and casualties. The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) have confirmed the use of chlorine against civilians in a number of villages in Syria and Iraq (OPCW 2014) as well as its use by Iraqi insurgents conducting chemical attacks against Iraqi security forces and civilians (Morris 2014). Chlorine was also used against coalition troops using vehicle borne improvised explosive devices (Weitz et al. 2007; Jones et al. 2010). Whether produced for military or industrial use, chlorine gas represents a credible threat.