China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Effects of Environmental Factors on the Endocrine System
Published in George H. Gass, Harold M. Kaplan, Handbook of Endocrinology, 2020
Despite the simplicity of this question, it is difficult to define a toxin in general terms. A toxin is a substance interfering with the normal physiology of a cell, tissue, organ, or the entire organism. Without specifying necessary conditions such as concentration and treatment duration, almost anything can be a toxin. Distilled water, for example, is toxic to living cells and tissues in culture. On the other hand, an extremely poisonous toxin from a venomous snake may not harm its predator. For toxicity of a substance, its expression depends on conditions, species, and the testing methodology.
Microbiological control of raw materials
Published in R. M. Baird, S. F. Bloomfield, Microbial quality assurance in cosmetics, toiletries and non-sterile Pharmaceuticals, 2017
Distilled water is very-high-quality water, if produced by a still designed to prevent the entrainment of water droplets, but its microbiological quality deteriorates quickly unless stored correctly. These storage conditions are generally accepted to be above 60°C or under aseptic conditions. Owing to its high cost, distilled water is usually used only for parenteral manufacture either as an ingredient or as a pyrogen-free rinsing agent for product contact surfaces.
Acceptance Testing, Commissioning, and Quality Assurance of Linear Accelerators
Published in Ben Mijnheer, Clinical 3D Dosimetry in Modern Radiation Therapy, 2017
For in-water measurements, the tank is then filled with water. Distilled water is generally preferred, although other water sources generally do not perturb the results severely provided the water and tank are fairly clean. The water should be of sufficient height in the tank such that (1) full scatter conditions are achieved, (2) all of the required depths are accessible by the scanning apparatus, and (3) there is sufficient clearance of the tank walls by the linac head such that any accessories such as trays, or electron applicators, can be attached. For example, with the tank in place, electron applicators can require tilting of the gantry head slightly to attach, but if the water is too shallow, even this is impossible.
Antidepressant effects of total alkaloids of Fibraurea recisa on improving corticosterone-induced apoptosis of HT-22 cells and chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive-like behaviour in mice
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Zhongmei He, He Yu, Hong Wu, Lili Su, Kun Shi, Yan Zhao, Ying Zong, Weijia Chen, Rui Du
The AFR is extracted by the laboratory of the College of Chinese Medicinal Materials of Jilin Agricultural University. Dried and pulverised rattan stem of FR (Yunnan, China) was refluxed with 55% ethanol for 100 min, three times. The liquid-to-material ratio is 9.8:1. The filtrates were combined and concentrated. D101 macroporous adsorption resin was used for further purification. It is eluted to remove impurities by distilled water. It was eluted again with 40% ethanol and the liquid was collected. Finally, the filtrates were combined and concentrated. After cooling, the extracted solutions were freeze-dried into powder as AFR for use (Wang et al. 2018). Corticosterone (Aladdin); CCK-8, AZD6244 and BAY11-7082 (Good Laboratory Practice Bioscience, GLPBIO); C57BL/6 mice (male, 6–8 weeks old, 18–21 g) were purchased from Liaoning Changsheng Technology and Biology Institute [license no. SCXK (Liao) 2020-0001]. It complies with the Laboratory Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee of Jilin Agricultural University (No. 20201118001).
Effects of radiotherapeutic X-ray irradiation on cervical enamel
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Yeşim Deniz, Çağatay Aktaş, Tuğba Misilli, Burak Çarıkçıoğlu
The specimens were placed in tissue-equivalent bolus material (Superflab Bolus 30 × 30 × 1.0 cm) in a total 15 × 15 cm area size, within 1 cm intervals, and embedded 1.5 cm deep. Under the bolus material, a 10-cm RW3 solid water phantom (30 cm × 30 cm × 1 cm, Slab Phantom, Sun Nuclear Corporation, Melbourne, FL) was used to inhibit backscattering factor. The samples irradiated in a linear accelerator device (Clinac iX (RapidARC, Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA)) operated at 6 MV photons with SSD (source skin distance) technique (Figure 2). After the irradiation process, specimens were stored in distilled water. The water was replaced after each daily irradiation phase to distract free radicals that can affect the chemical and elemental composition of the enamel. Distilled water was used in the study because artificial saliva has not similar properties to the saliva of patients suffering from changes in saliva composition and salivary flow resulting from head and neck cancer RT (Hannig et al. 2006).
Calcitonin-loaded octamaleimic acid–silsesquioxane nanoparticles in hydrogel scaffold support osteoinductivity in bone regeneration
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Saeedeh Ahmadipour, Jaleh Varshosaz, Batool Hashemibeni, Leila Safaeian, Maziar Manshaei, Akram Sarmadi
Octamaleimic acid polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OMA-POSS) was purchased from Hybrid Plastic Co. (USA). 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), N-Hydroxy succinimide (NHS), ethanol, hydrochloric acid, NaOH and ortho phosphoric acid 85% w/v were purchased from Merck Chemical Company (US). Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 (CBB), Alizarin red, and 3-(4, 5-dimethyl) thiazol-2-yl-2,5-dimethyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (US). Salmon calcitonin (sCT) was purchased from EXIR Pharmaceutical Company (Lorestan, Iran). The alkaline phosphatase kit was from Pars Azmoon Company (Iran). The highly pure RNA isolation kit was provided by Roche Company (Germany) and the cDNA synthesis kit and CYBR GREEN PCR master mix were provided by Biofact Company (Korea). Primer genes (Table 1) were purchased from Cinaclon (Iran). RNAse-free microtubes were from GUNSTER Biotech Company (Taiwan). Cap strips and pipette tips were obtained from Gene Era Biotech Company (China). Distilled water was used for the preparation of all formulations.