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“John-o is interested in cutting up whatever he finds at the limits of life”
Published in Lesa Scholl, Medicine, Health and Being Human, 2018
Yet the presence of visibly unusual bodies in the anatomical fabrication of a norm of human embodiment also draws attention to anatomy’s fundamental difficulties in finding any examples which are sufficiently “average” to succeed in “emphasis[ing] the body’s representativeness rather than its uniqueness” (van Dijck 2005, 128). For instance, in her study of the “Visible Human Project” (VHP), which sought to produce an online repository of complete anatomical detail for a standard male and female body, Catherine Waldby observes that this project encountered “one of the central epistemological problems in anatomy generally: the problem of the norm and the ordering of the distinction normal/pathological” (2000, 18). In choosing an anatomical example to be representative of a norm of human embodiment, it was necessary for the VHP to choose a sample which would “exclude the possibility of any visible pathology, anything which might detract from the project’s claim to present strictly healthy and normal anatomies” (Waldby 2000, 13). However, this anatomical fantasy of finding a standard body necessarily falters at what Margrit Shildrick describes as the “resistance of flesh to normativity” (2008, 42). Although “the fundamental socio-cultural belief in the fixity of corporeal boundaries” is “easily set aside in the case of the extraordinary body at the margins,” the “normative body” also harbours “the ever-present threat of excessive proliferation, and of disintegration and decay,” such that all bodies “are more or less unstable” (2008, 34; 32–33).
The Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution
Published in Lois N. Magner, Oliver J. Kim, A History of Medicine, 2017
It is interesting to note that the Visible Human Project began with the use of a 39-year-old criminal executed by lethal injection in 1993. The body was frozen, sectioned, and transformed into the first fully digitized human being. Advances in technology made it possible for the U.S. National Library of Medicine's Visible Human Project to store and disseminate digitized photographs of cross-sections of a male and female cadaver.
CT-MRI
Published in Yi-Hwa Liu, Albert J. Sinusas, Hybrid Imaging in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2017
In a pilot study by Wang et al., a set of MRI and CT head scans were selected from the NIH Visible Human Project (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible), containing MRI T1, T2, proton density, and CT images of a human cadaver. The data were undersampled with a factor of 8. The MR Cartesian k-space data were pseudo-randomly undersampled along the phase encoding direction (Bieri et al. 2005). The fan-beam CT data were undersampled using the dynamical strategy (Gao et al. 2011a). Figure 5.2 shows that the unified reconstruction improved the image quality significantly. Clearly, the unified reconstruction framework can be extended to cover more imaging modalities in support of omni-tomography.
Investigation of dynamic deformation of the midbrain in rear-end collision using human brain FE model
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Noritoshi Atsumi, Masami Iwamoto, Yuko Nakahira, Yoshitaka Asano, Jun Shinoda
In this study, we used our previously developed human brain FE model (Atsumi et al. 2018). Figure 1 shows an overview of this model. The model geometry was based on commercially available 3 D data (Human Brain Ultimate, TurboSquid, USA) and CT/MRI data obtained from the Visible Human Project (NIH, USA). This model includes the cerebrum, cerebellum, falx, dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), ventricle, tentorium, and brain stem (which is subdivided into the midbrain, pons, and medulla, followed by the spinal cord) (Figure 1). In particular, this model sufficiently describes anatomical structures of the deep brain, such as the corpus callosum, thalamus, basal ganglia, and fornix. Most of these regions are composed of hexahedral solid elements, while the ventricle was modeled such that tetrahedral solid elements filled the continuous space around the deep brain. The mesh quality of the model was examined by four parameters such as Jacobian, aspect ratio, equiangle skew, and warpage (M&T Support 2017; Altair Hyperworks 2015, 2017). 91.9% of elements in the brain had a Jacobian above 0.70 (the minimum value was 0.30), 99.7% elements had an aspect ratio below 5.0 (the maximum value was 6.6), 74.4% of elements had an equiangle skew below 0.40 (the maximum value was 0.92), and 83.3% of elements had a warpage below 15 deg (the maximum value was 60.8 deg). Therefore, the mesh in our brain FE model has sufficient quality to predict brain injury.
Finite element models of the thigh-buttock complex for assessing static sitting discomfort and pressure sore risk: a literature review
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2018
Léo Savonnet, Xuguang Wang, Sonia Duprey
The sources used to create geometric models are: 8 models from MRI images, 5 from CT-scan images, 3 from pictures of human slices (from the Visible Human Project or the European HUMOS project), 5 from geometric databases (3dcadbrowser, Poser and Human Builder) and 1 from 3D laser scans. Most of the models represent approximately 50th percentile males and only 4 studies develop 2 or more models representing different body sizes. Model geometries mainly rely on a single source (4, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 21, 24, 26, 27 in Tables 1 and 2), although a few models use different sources for the soft tissues and the bones. Bones are either obtained by CT-scans (3, 27) or MRI (11, 17, 21, 22, 24, 26), and skin derived either from a CT-scan of another subject (2, 3, 5) or of the same subject (23), or from a database like CEASAR (6) or 3dcadbrowser (http://www.3dcadbrowser.com/).
A visible human body slice segmentation method framework based on OneCut and adjacent image geometric features
Published in Computer Assisted Surgery, 2019
Bin Liu, Simei Li, Jingyi Zhang, Qianwen Wu, Liang Yang, Wen Qi, Sijie Guan, Shuo Zhang, Jianxin Zhang
Visible Human Project (VHP) was established by National Institutes of Health (NIH) in USA. In the twenty-first century, research on Visible Human Project has many significances. For example, we can utilize the models of VHP organs to simulate the surgery process; we can test a new drug for an organ based on the suitable physical properties. Based on this, the Virtual Human Project and Human Physiome Project can be realized. Although USA, Korea and China have completed the collection of the very large-scale VHP image data set and thousands of human body slices have been obtained, how to extract the regions of interest (human organs) in the slice images has still been an important challenge [1–3]. The accuracy and efficiency are two worth exploring issues.