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Phytosomes as Useful Drug Delivery Systems for Cosmeceutical Application
Published in Madhu Gupta, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Vikas Sharma, Nagendra Singh Chauhan, Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Phytoconstituents, 2020
Francesca Froiio, Agnese Gagliardi, Massimo Fresta, Donato Cosco, Donatella Paolino
Dynamic light scattering (DLS), based on the physical laws of photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), is a technique that is useful for investigating the mean size, the polydispersity index (PDI), and the surface charge of colloidal systems (Ghanbarzadeh et al., 2016). DLS provides information about the hydrodynamic ray of nanosystems through the evaluation of Brownian’s motion. Zeta potential is a fundamental parameter that identifies the surface charge of systems and allows researchers to theorize their stability. In this case, PCS analysis showed that the hydration of the phytosomal film gave rise to unilamellar liposome-like structures (Tripathy et al., 2013).
Lipoprotein Nanoparticles as Delivery Vehicles for Anti-Cancer Agents
Published in Mansoor M. Amiji, Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
Andras G. Lacko, Maya Nair, Walter J. McConathy
The major challenge in the preparation of reconstituted LDL (rLDL) nanoparticles is the availability of apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100), the major protein component of LDL.13 In addition, the high molecular weight of apoB-100 and its tendency to aggregate upon delipidation present additional difficulties in the preparation of rLDL-based drug formulations. Early attempts to prepare rLDL/drug complexes were undertaken by Lundberg,21–23 combining egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (EYPC), a hydrophobic drug (cytotoxic mustard carbamate), and apoB-100.20 The resultant nanoparticle had a diameter of about 23 nm and was metabolized by fibroblasts in a manner similar to native LDL.21 A series of studies by Van Berkel et al. developed unilamellar liposome-like particles, containing apolipoprotein E that were taken up by tissues via the LDL receptor upon injection into rats.24 Van Berkel et al. also encapsulated a lipophilc derivative of daunorubicin into these nanoparticles that were subsequently taken up by B16 tumors10 via the LDL receptor.25
Development of a novel one-step production system for injectable liposomes under GMP
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Ryo Araki, Takashi Matsuzaki, Ayumi Nakamura, Daisaku Nakatani, Shoji Sanada, Hai Ying Fu, Keiji Okuda, Masaki Yamato, Shota Tsuchida, Yasushi Sakata, Tetsuo Minamino
Liposome size were homogenized by adjusting the organic solvent concentrations. As shown in this study, decreasing the organic solvent concentrations resulted in decreased liposome size due to increased hydrophobic bonding among phospholipid molecules (Ishii et al. 1995). However, phospholipids cannot be completely dissolved during the heating process if the concentration of organic solvent is too low, which leads to a large liposome size with a wide distribution. The additional size homogenization process was not required because Lipo-CsA was produced as a unilamellar liposome with a small size and a narrow distribution. In addition, the temperature of the mixture could be uniformly, rapidly and continuously controlled in the thermal mixing device. Therefore, high reproducibility could be achieved by this one-step in-line system.
Toxicological profile of lipid-based nanostructures: are they considered as completely safe nanocarriers?
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2020
Asaad Azarnezhad, Hadi Samadian, Mehdi Jaymand, Mahsa Sobhani, Amirhossein Ahmadi
Liposomes are referred to a microscopic vesical containing liquid space surrounded by a phospholipid dual layer. The thickness of this two-layer lipid is typically between 3 and 6 nm, but the formed liposomes can have a diameter between 50 nm and 50 μm. Due to the amphipathic characteristics of the constituent elements of liposomes, suggest the possibility of drug delivery of both hydrophilic hydrophobic drugs. Characteristics such as inherent low toxicity, biodegradability, and lack of immunogenicity have led liposomes to be considered as a very suitable carrier in novel drug delivery systems. These sachet structures are similar to packages or capsules that can be used to carry medications to the different parts of the body by encapsulation of therapeutic agents (Zasadzinski et al. 2011). The presence of cholesterol and polymers containing hydrophilic groups, particularly PEG, have given special characteristics to liposomes including, the stability of the liposomal membrane in the biological fluid such as blood and synovial fluid, and minimized undesired phagocytic clearance (Beroström et al. 1995; Vemuri and Rhodes 1995). Despite the fact that PEGylation decreases the binding and the uptake of liposomes by cells, the incorporation of PEG improves the circulation time and the effective transport of liposomes to the tissue (Hua 2014). Escape of the APIs from the endosomal compartment and its entrance into the cytoplasm is claimed to be reduced in the presence of hydrophilic PEG moiety, however, using of PEG-coated with pH-sensitive, enzyme-cleavable linkage and thermo- and light-sensitive liposomes could result in localized drug release (Chuang et al. 2018). There are different types of liposomes including, small unilamellar liposome vehicle (SUV, ∼100 nm), large unilamellar vesicle (LUV, 100–1000 nm), giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV, 1–200 µm), and multilamellar vesicle (MLV, 0.5–10 nm).
Development of disulfide-stabilized Fabs for targeting of antibody-directed nanotherapeutics
Published in mAbs, 2022
Melissa L. Geddie, Dmitri B. Kirpotin, Neeraj Kohli, Tad Kornaga, Bjoern Boll, Maja Razlog, Daryl C. Drummond, Alexey A. Lugovskoy
Other differences between the two platforms include the format of the antibody or targeting ligand, and the conjugation strategy. For conventional ADCs, the antibodies typically used are in the full IgG format to take advantage of the FcRn-mediated recycling, and thus longer retention in the circulation, while with ADNs the carefully engineered particle itself provides for the protracted pharmacokinetics, and antibody fragments, such as Fabs or scFv, are routinely used.3,5,6,12 In fact, with ADNs the conjugation of full IgG molecules can result in increased clearance by the liver.1 ADNs hold substantial promise as agents that can improve the delivery and therapeutic index of both small molecule and nucleic acid-based therapeutics.28,30–32 A high Tm, small unilamellar liposome drug carrier platform has been well established for this purpose due to good drug retention properties, low clearance from the circulation and certain selectivity to tumor tissues due to differential vascular permeability and retention (EPR effect).29,31 Liposome nanotherapeutics also afford micellar post-insertion, a versatile and robust “click” method, to be used for attachment of targeting ligands (including proteins) to the particles.7,33 The antibody-targeting ligands are convenient and useful for modulating the internalization and overall microdistribution of the nanoparticle at the site of disease.5,27 Typically, construction of the final ADN on the high-Tm liposome drug carrier platform using membrane post-insertion method requires a high temperature post-insertion or membrane capture step (60–65°C) to incorporate the targeting ligand efficiently,7,12,33 raising the opportunity for denaturation and inactivation of the antibody during the process. Identifying antibody fragments with the requisite stability thus becomes imperative. Maintaining the ability to not only bind to target cells, but also induce internalization in order to enable intracellular processing and drug release, is essential.2,27,34