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Japanese Regulations and Standards for Medical and Dental Grade Gloves
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
K. Matsunaga, T. Ohhara, A. Takeuchi, R. Nakaoka, Y. Haishima
Thermoplastic elastomers (single-use surgical, dental, and examination rubber gloves), PVC resins, and plasticizers (single-use dental and examination vinyl gloves) are defined using relevant standards. The methods of sampling and selection of the test pieces for each test and the implementation methods of dimension measurement and each test are also specified in the standards. The water tightness test (pinhole test) is described in detail in Annex A (normative) of all five standards. In addition, items relating to sterilization treatment, packaging, and indications are described, and a table showing the comparisons between the JIS and corresponding international standards is included in Annex JA (reference) of the standards as well.12–16
Three-Dimensional Printing: Future of Pharmaceutical Industry
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Manju Bala, Anju Dhiman, Harish Dureja, Munish Garg, Pooja A Chawla, Viney Chawla
It includes the hot melt extrusion process for preparation of thermoplastic filament. Polymers of choice are fed from a heated movable nozzle for melting on a substrate in per determined xyz axis, which fused together or solidify to create a 3D object as shown in Figure 18.3. The shape of the 3D object is determined computer-aided design (Fuenmayor et al. 2018).
Quality Assurance of Treatment Delivery
Published in W. P. M. Mayles, A. E. Nahum, J.-C. Rosenwald, Handbook of Radiotherapy Physics, 2021
Margaret Bidmead, Nathalie Fournier-Bidoz, Ginette Marinello, J.-C. Rosenwald, Helen Mayles
In the treatment room, once the patient lies on the couch or on the immobilisation device, a visual alignment using external landmarks and room lasers is performed to ensure the alignment of the patient's midline (cranio-caudal direction) and to minimise rotations. When attaching a thermoplastic mask, care must be taken to minimise patient rotation and to ensure that the mask fits well. Skin tattoos (or marks) made during the planning CT procedure help reproduce the reference position as defined at the CT scan by using the room lasers. The reference position is used to define the patient's reference system of coordinates. From this position, table shifts are performed to adjust the source–surface distance* (SSD) for fixed SSD techniques, or the position of the isocentre for isocentric techniques (see Section 36.6); lateral shift from midline and table height (i.e. the distance between the couch and the coronal laser at the isocentre plane) are useful parameters obtained from the plan and reproduced for treatment.
Customized designs of short thumb orthoses using 3D hand parametric models
Published in Assistive Technology, 2022
Chih-Hsing Chu, I-Jan Wang, Jing-Ru Sun, Chien-Hsiou Liu
The short thumb orthosis is widely used for clients who have carpometacarpal (CMC) osteoarthritis, thumb pain, repetitive strain injury, and various other thumb conditions (de Almeida, MacDermid, Pontes, Dos Santos-Couto-Paz, & Matheus, 2017; Liu, Yip, & Chiang, 2018; O’brien & McGaha, 2014). Most short thumb orthoses need to be custom-made to be clinically effective. In clinical practice, orthoses are normally constructed by occupational therapists and certified hand therapists with special training. During this process, the stiffness of the thermoplastic material is adjusted during heating, and the 3D contours are molded for a period of time before the material cures and hardens. It is challenging to precisely control this process because of the high variability. The manually fabricated orthosis exhibits several drawbacks, such as easy splitting of the stitched seams of the orthosis when users perform heavy activities (Veraldi, 2017) and loss of the connection of the Velcro with repeated use (Baronio, Volonghi, & Signoroni, 2017). The current manufacturing practices cannot effectively incorporate design rules or functional considerations into the orthosis shape construction process.
3‐D printed spectacles: potential, challenges and the future
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2020
Ling Lee, Anthea M Burnett, James G Panos, Prakash Paudel, Drew Keys, Harris M Ansari, Mitasha Yu
Material extrusion printing, also known as fused deposition modelling or fused filament fabrication involves small, fused thermoplastic beads, feed filament or eutectic metals melted into a semi‐liquid or molten state that is then dispensed from a nozzle onto a platform where the material instantly bonds to the layer below.2015 A wide range of thermoplastic materials with good mechanical strength can be used, such as polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polylactic acid, polyetherimide and nylon 12.2017 However, some of these materials also tend to be porous and are susceptible to irregularities.2017 For example, material extrusion of polycarbonate has good mechanical strength, although the end result is translucent, and therefore fails to meet the requirements for the production of spectacle lenses.
Single-molecule measurements in microwells for clinical applications
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2020
Connie Wu, Adam M. Maley, David R. Walt
A low-cost, high-throughput strategy for fabricating microwell arrays is via injection molding using cyclic olefin polymer (COP) [55]. Commonly used in microfluidic chips, COP has low water absorption, strong resistance to many chemicals, low autofluorescence, and high optical transparency from ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths [56]. In injection molding, molten thermoplastic material is injected into a micropatterned mold and allowed to cool and solidify. Using this method, COP microwell arrays consisting of femtoliter-sized wells were integrated into a microfluidic device for a low-cost, automated Simoa assay [55]. In a similar method, polymer microwell arrays can be prepared by embossing, in which the polymer is pressed in a master mold at high temperatures and allowed to cool [55,56]. Picoliter-sized microwell arrays fabricated using COP have also been generated for long-term monitoring of single enzymes at lower detection limits due to larger total sample volumes in these microwells [57].