China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Healthy Cooking Techniques
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Joel J. Schaefer, Mary Schaefer
As simple as it sounds, when sautéing or stir-frying, all that’s needed is a good pan and a little water. If choosing to avoid Teflon, use a good-quality, heavy-bottomed stainless-steel pan. Enamel-coated cast iron and ceramic titanium pans are also good options.
Meeting personal needs: elimination
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
For short-term use, plastic, latex (up to 7–10 days) and Teflon-coated latex (up to 28 days) are commonly used; these materials are considerably cheaper than long-term catheter materials. Some people are allergic to latex, and screening is advisable if latex is to be used (Newman 2012; Wilson 2012). Plastic catheters have been found to exert low toxicity because of the inert nature of plastic. Also, the rate at which this material absorbs water is low and so the catheter retains the widest internal diameter, making these catheters a common choice for drainage of postoperative blood clots and debris. However, plastic catheters can remain rigid at body temperature and have been associated with bladder spasm, pain and leakage of urine (Wilson 2012). The DH (2003) recommends that in-dwelling catheters used for long-term use should have low allergenicity. Silicone, silicone-elastomer-coated latex and hydrogel-coated catheters are suitable products (Newman 2012; Wilson 2012; Yates 2012).
Single-Pot Processing
Published in Dilip M. Parikh, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
Griet Van Vaerenbergh, Harald Stahl
High-shear granulators with microwave vacuum drying capabilities provide the fastest drying rates in the single-pot processor family. Microwave drying is based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by dielectric materials, the theory of which has been extensively described [11–13]. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic energy that are similar to radio waves, the frequencies of which fall between 300 and 3000 MHz (between radio and optical waves, see Figure 11.7). The two frequencies allocated for domestic, scientific, medical, and industrial purposes are 915 and 2450 MHz. Pharmaceutical processors generally use 2450 MHz because this frequency is more desirable when used in conjunction with a vacuum. Single-pot processors incorporating microwave drying are constructed of stainless steel because the metal is a common reflector of microwave energy and retains the energy within the processing chamber. Teflon is essentially inert to microwaves, making it a suitable material for components required in the processing bowl (e.g., the windows through which microwaves enter the processing bowl).
Evaluation of cytotoxicity, analysis of metals and cumulative risk assessment in microalgae
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2023
Mercedes Taroncher, Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco, Francisco J. Barba, María José Ruiz
The presence and content of As, Hg, Cd, and Pb in freeze-dried microalgae were evaluated. A microwave accelerated reaction system (MARS, CEM, Vertex, Spain) was used for the acid mineralization of samples. Briefly, 10 mg of sample were placed in a Teflon vessel. Then, 500 µL of HNO3 (69% v/v) were added to the samples and the digestion was carried out in the microwave system at 800 W and 180 °C for 15 min. After cooling and eliminating the nitrogen vapors, the digested samples were filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper and brought up to 5 mL with distilled water. Then, an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer mass detector (ICP MS, Agilent model 7900) was employed to identify and quantify the metals. The operating conditions were as follows: Ar plasma gas flow (15.0 L/min), carrier gas (1.0 L/min), reaction gas (He), nebulizer pump speed (0.30 rps), RF power (1550 W), and RF matching (1.80 V). Internal standard solutions of 72Ge, 103Rh, and 193Ir (ISC Science) at 20 µg/g were used to correct signal fluctuations and instrumental drift.
Growth and biofilm formation of Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 on different metallic and polymeric materials used in spaceflight applications
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Nissem Abdeljelil, Najla Ben Miloud Yahia, Ahmed Landoulsi, Abdelwaheb Chatti, Ruddy Wattiez, Rob Van Houdt, David Gillan
The surfaces of the uninoculated clean materials were first analyzed under the SEM. SS316 appeared regular and streaked with parallel thin bands (Figure 1b). Teflon appeared mainly smooth and crossed occasionally by stripes or stretches of nearly 5-µm width (Figure 1c). The glass surface was very smooth and free from any special topographic features (Figure 1a), whereas TiAl6V4 was rough and covered with crests and pits of 10 to 30µm wide (Figure 1d). Contact angle measurements showed that glass was highly hydrophilic at pH 5.0 and 7.0, and no significant differences in contact angles were observed (Figure 2). Glass was the most hydrophilic substratum with very low contact angles that did not exceed 25.31±6.45°. Teflon was the most hydrophobic material with contact angles not less than 109.11±6.61° (Figure 2) and SS316 was amphiphilic. Finally, although contact angles of TiAl6V4 varied significantly between pH 5.0 and pH 7.0, it remained hydrophilic (Figure 2). Since the growth medium (MM284) contained various ions and a carbohydrate (gluconate), contact angles were also measured in pure water. Indeed, MM284 components significantly decreased the contact angles for glass and TiAl6V4 at pH 5 and pH 7, and for SS316 at pH 5 (Figure 2). At the contrary, a significant increase in contact angle was observed for Teflon between the conditioning in MM284 pH 7.0 and in pure water.
The improved survival rate and cost-effectiveness of a 7-day continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion set
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2021
Timothy Kwa, Gina Zhang, Katie Shepard, Kael Wherry, Sarnath Chattaraj
In addition to estimating the amount of insulin lost per infusion set and reservoir change, a device-level Markov Chain Monte Carlo model was constructed to determine device lifetimes, which would provide estimates of the annual total amount of unusable insulin when using the standard 2- to 3-day set compared to the EIS. Data from published clinical trials were used to estimate device lifetime probabilities of the standard infusion sets currently available on the market32,44. The goal of these studies was to assess the effect of device reliability based on certain parameters: Patel et al. assessed the robustness of steel (Sure-Tiii) compared to Teflon (Quick-Setiv) cannulas32; and Karlin et al., investigated infusion set failure rates in subjects experiencing lipohypertrophy43, a complication where adipocytes grow and proliferate in response to repeated same-site injections45. In both studies, there was no statistically significant difference in device performance across any of the groups (p < .45), so all the available data were pooled together to create an aggregate device survival curve for the standard set (Figure 2, Left).