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3D Printing
Published in Takahiro Shiota, 3D Echocardiography, 2020
There are several categories of 3D printing: stereolithography, selective laser sintering, Polyjet, and fused deposition modeling. Each technology has its own benefits and disadvantages. For example, stereolithography and Polyjet are the most accurate and precise technology, the latter being at the expense of high cost. Fused deposition modeling is one of the cheapest technologies. 3D printing of valves can be done with all of these technologies, particularly recently as new flexible materials are commercially available. If the 3D models are intended to be used as phantoms imaged using ultrasound, this must be considered when choosing the printing material. Printing material has a significant effect not only in mechanical properties, but also in acoustic impedance.
Craniofacial Regeneration—Bone
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Laura Guadalupe Hernandez, Lucia Pérez Sánchez, Rafael Hernández González, Janeth Serrano-Bello
Stereolithography is another modality of printing, this is based on a laser-controlled system, allowing the polymerization of light-sensitive polymers such as Ultraviolet (UV) light or laser, which fabricate 3D structures layer by layer as a hydrogel precursor solution. This is considered a technique of versatility, controllability, with high printing quality and precision, speed and complex fabrication with micrometer-scale resolution. However, it has been reported that UV exposure usually causes damage to cells, DNA and, even causes skin cancer, but in different studies it has shown relatively high cell viability. The material most used in this technique are synthetic hydrogels as Polylactic acid (PLA), Polyglycolic acid (PLG), Polycaprolactone (PCL), biphasic calcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, and combinations (Lee and Dai 2016; Hikita et al. 2017).
Cost Effective Simulation
Published in Terry M. Peters, Cristian A. Linte, Ziv Yaniv, Jacqueline Williams, Mixed and Augmented Reality in Medicine, 2018
Ziv Yaniv, Özgür Güler, Ren Hui Gong
To make the simulator accessible to the broadest possible audience, we utilized two open source toolkits, OpenCV (Bradski 2000) and IGSTK (Enquobahrie et al. 2007), whose licenses allowed us to distribute our software freely, and as open source, under a Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) license. The instructional material describing simulator usage and IGI concepts, which is included as part of the simulator distribution, is provided under a creative-commons by attribution license. The goal of accessibility also influenced our choice to mimic interventions in which a simple pointer tool is the only requirement. In its most basic form, the pointer tool can be represented by a pencil or skewer. For those who prefer an experience that is physically more similar to commercial navigation systems, we provide a stereolithography model file derived from a clinically used pointer tool that is easily printed using a 3D printer.
3‐D printed spectacles: potential, challenges and the future
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2020
Ling Lee, Anthea M Burnett, James G Panos, Prakash Paudel, Drew Keys, Harris M Ansari, Mitasha Yu
Stereolithography is one of the most commonly used additive manufacturing techniques. The first 3‐D printer built was a stereolithography apparatus.2014 The resins used initially with stereolithography were generally composed of low‐molecular weight multi‐functional monomers. The finished products were generally rigid, brittle and prone to shrinkage and not ideal for spectacle frames or lenses.2010 However, resins with higher viscoelastic properties have been developed more recently to print objects with greater flexibility, impact resistance and more resistance to shrinkage,2018 although post‐curing might be required to improve structure strength.2015 Clear resins can also be printed,2019 and are a potential material for lenses; however, to achieve optical transparency, post‐processing techniques must be applied.
Advances of droplet-based microfluidics in drug discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2020
Yuetong Wang, Zhuoyue Chen, Feika Bian, Luoran Shang, Kaixuan Zhu, Yuanjin Zhao
Another emerging technique, 3D printing, enables additive manufacturing of the 3D microfluidic chip. Firstly, a CAD manuscript is created, based on which materials are assembled through automatic computer-aided control. For example, a photocurable resin liquid can be processed layer by layer into an accurate geometry through laser irradiation, a method called stereolithography [43]. As the structures are constructed by recruiting materials and dispensed with etching or dissolution, the 3D printing process is eco-friendly. Besides, compared with soft lithography, this technology maintains the time and manufacturing costs while increasing structural complexity. Directly building 3D formation without multistep procedures is more conducive to promoting its industrialization process. However, the accuracy and resolution of 3D printing are typically lower than those of photolithography/etching methods. The interested readers are directed to more specific reviews [28,34,35].
Tackling pharmacological response heterogeneity by PBPK modeling to advance precision medicine productivity of nanotechnology and genomics therapeutics
Published in Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development, 2019
Ioannis S. Vizirianakis, Androulla N. Miliotou, George A. Mystridis, Eleftherios G. Andriotis, Ioannis I. Andreadis, Lefkothea C. Papadopoulou, Dimitrios G. Fatouros
The ‘3R’ rule – Replace, Refine, Reduce – concerning the ethical use of animals in laboratory research was introduced in 1959 by Russell and Burch and was expanded in 2005 with the addition of Rehabilitation, thus changing the name of the rule to be the ‘4R’ rule [47]. Due to this rule, novel in vitro methods had to be developed to replace animal testing and the use of some other alternatives for non-animal methods. To this regard, previously developed pharmacological assays were focused on the application of two-dimensional (2D) and 3D cell culture methodologies, whereas very recently 3D printing technology has emerged as a new field in pharmaceutics and biomaterials [48]. The capacity by which 3D-bioprinting application is creating a biomimetic environment that accelerates the productivity in preclinical new drug development, at the level of cell-based pharmacological assays, is outlined in Figure 4. There are four techniques used in the field of bioprinting: a) Inkjet bioprinting, where the size of the design and placement of droplets is controlled digitally by a computer; b) Extrusion Bioprinting, the second widely used technique, in which a force is constantly applied to produce bioinks; c) Laser Assisted Bioprinting, employing photo-polymerization for the creation of the host biomaterials; this method is suitable for bioprinting of cells, due to the preservation of cell viability post-printing and the size of the printed structure (pico- to micro-); and the last approach d) Stereolithography, by using a layer by layer approach with the aid of UV light for solidification.