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Patterned Sapphire and Chip Separation Technique in InGaN-Based LEDs
Published in Iniewski Krzysztof, Integrated Microsystems, 2017
To further improve the extraction efficiency of devices, a method of die separation after chip fabrication on wafer is important. Sapphire is used as the substrate for many blue LED devices but this material is very difficult to dice using traditional diamond. The process of cutting the sapphire wafer is usually divided into three steps. First, the wafer is thinned to a thickness of about 80–150 μm. The wafer is scribed along the proper shapes using the diamond tips in the second step. Then, it is fractured and split using standard cleaving equipment. However, there are many problems in this final process, such as low depth of scribing and abrasion of the harder material itself. The low depth of scribing can also induce failure in breaking the wafer along the scribed line, including low throughput and high operating costs. The laser scribing process developed recently can eliminate most of the problems encountered in diamond tip scribing, which offers high-speed scribing with narrow kerfs, an increase in the chip density due to reduced street width, and hence a reduction in overall manufacturing costs. Various laser technologies, such as dry laser dicing, water jet-guided laser dicing, and stealth dicing, have already been developed and widely used in industrial applications [28–30]. However, some problems related to laser ablation, such as debris and thermal damage on the device, remain to be solved. Highly efficient peak power intensity, which strongly depends on both laser wavelength and pulse duration, is required for good laser scribing [31].
The Middle Ages
Published in Lois N. Magner, Oliver J. Kim, A History of Medicine, 2017
Hildegard's Physica, The Book of Simple Medicine, or Nine Books on the Subtleties of Different Kinds of Creatures, is probably the first book by a female author to discuss the four elements and the therapeutic virtues and toxic properties of plants, animals, and metals. Hildegard's Book of Compound Medicine, or Causes and Cures, discusses the nature, forms, causes, and treatment of disease, human physiology and sexuality, astrology, and so forth. Foods, drugs, and precious stones were prescribed to cure and prevent disease. For example, sapphire was recommended for the eyes and as an antiaphrodisiac, which made it an appropriate gem to have in a convent or monastery. Unicorn liver and lion heart were recommended for dreaded diseases like leprosy. In her discussion of frenzy, insanity, obsession, and idiocy, Hildegard said that even the most bizarre mental states could have natural causes. A man thought to be possessed by a demon might really be suffering from migraine and vertigo. Hildegard probably had a special interest in headaches because a modern physician would be tempted to diagnose her vision states as classical migraines or temporal lobe epilepsy.
Management of the Complications of Carotid Interventions
Published in Peter A. Schneider, W. Todd Bohannon, Michael B. Silva, Carotid Interventions, 2004
CAS has an associated cardiac risk, as demonstrated by the results of the SAPPHIRE Trial. The risk of perioperative myocardial infarction was 2.6% (1). Arrhythmias may be induced by guidewire placement in the arch, heart, or carotid bulb (2–4). Stretching of the carotid bifurcation with balloon angioplasty or stent placement has the potential to cause hypotension, bradycardia, and occasionally asystole, especially during the treatment of native bifurcation lesions. Arrhythmias are caused by stimulation of the carotid sinus by the balloon or stent. Hypotension is most often momentary but may last for several days. The management of these arrhythmias is described in Chap. 8. Congestive heart failure and myocardial infarction may result from these arrhythmias. The osmotic load associated with contrast administration may also contribute to the development of congestive heart failure. The usual amount of contrast administered is less than 100 ml for CAS. Renal failure or worsening renal insufficiency may also occur as a result of contrast administration.
Assessment of clinical outcomes in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: analysis from the UK Medical Cannabis Registry
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2022
Manaswini Pillai, Simon Erridge, Lara Bapir, Martha Nicholas, Nishaanth Dalavaye, Carl Holvey, Ross Coomber, Daniela Barros, Urmila Bhoskar, Gracia Mwimba, Kavita Praveen, Chris Symeon, Simmi Sachdeva-Mohan, James J Rucker, Mikael H Sodergren
The UKMCR is the first UK patient registry to prospectively collect anonymized data regarding CBMP prescription formulations, patient demographics, PROMs, and AEs [35]. It was created in 2019 and is privately managed by the Sapphire Medical Clinics [35]. Participants are enrolled consecutively and asked to provide informed consent. The only screening criterion is whether participants have been prescribed CBMPs. Patients from the UKMCR were included in the analysis if PTSD was the primary indication for CBMP treatment. Exclusion criteria extended to those with incomplete baseline PROMs data and those who had started treatment less than 1-month prior to the date of data extraction and therefore had not reached the first follow-up milestone. There were no further exclusion criteria. The date of data extract from the UKMCR was 15 February 2022.
Assessment of clinical outcomes of medicinal cannabis therapy for depression: analysis from the UK Medical Cannabis Registry
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2022
Sajed Mangoo, Simon Erridge, Carl Holvey, Ross Coomber, Daniela A Riano Barros, Urmila Bhoskar, Gracia Mwimba, Kavita Praveen, Chris Symeon, Simmi Sachdeva-Mohan, James J Rucker, Mikael H Sodergren
The UKMCR collects prospective pseudonymized data on patients treated with CBMPs and is privately owned by Sapphire Medical Clinics. To date, Sapphire Medical Clinics is the only clinic that requires patients to routinely register with the UK Medical Cannabis Registry. Sapphire Medical Clinics specializes in cannabis-based medicine and treats patients in the UK and Channel Islands, using remote consulting, with CBMPs produced according to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) criteria. In line with UK guidelines for prescribing CBMPs, participants were already diagnosed with treatment-resistant depression prior to commencement of CBMPs, having already completed an adequate trial of licensed pharmacological therapies [47]. Individuals were recruited consecutively to the UK Medical Cannabis Registry prior to their initial consultation following the provision of informed consent. Individuals are subsequently screened to ensure they have been prescribed CBMPs. After an initial consultation with a clinician, clinicopathological information, comorbidities, drug and alcohol history, and medication history are entered. PROMs, clinical effectiveness measures, and adverse events questionnaires are remotely administered to patients via an online platform at baseline, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and then at 6-month intervals [45].
Purity and yield of melanoma exosomes are dependent on isolation method
Published in Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 2020
Shin La Shu, Yunchen Yang, Cheryl L. Allen, Edward Hurley, Kaity H. Tung, Hans Minderman, Yun Wu, Marc S. Ernstoff
The setup of the compact SPR biosensor system and the SPR biochip fabrication methods were described previously, with minor revisions [19]. Briefly, sapphire glass slides (600 ± 10 μm) were cleaned subsequently by acetone, methanol and deionized water (DI water). Then 2 nm Ti adhesion layers followed by 49 nm Au thin layers were deposited on the cleaned glass slides via the e-beam evaporator (Indel system). For biochip surface modification of antibodies, the biochip was first incubated with the mixture of methyl-polyethylene glycol-thiol (PEG) (PEG200, MW = 200 g/mol, Catalogue number: 26132, Thermofisher Scientific, USA) and biotinylated PEG thiol (PEG1000, MW = 1000 g/mol, Catalogue number: PG2-BNTH-1k, Nanocs, USA) at the molar ratio of 3:1 with a final concentration of 10mM in PBS at rtp for 1 h. Unbound PEG was washed off with PBS and 0.05 mg/mL of NeutrAvidin (Catalogue number: 31000, Thermofisher Scientific, USA) was added to react with biotin at rtp for 1 h. Thereafter unreacted NeutrAvidin was washed away with DI-water. Biotinylated anti-PD-L1 antibodies (13-5983-82, Thermofisher Scientific, USA) or biotinylated anti-IgG antibodies (13-4714-85, Thermofisher Scientific, USA) were added at the concentration of 0.05 mg/mL and incubated at rtp for 1 h. After washing away unbound antibodies with DI-water, the biochip was ready to use.