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Introduction to Cancer, Conventional Therapies, and Bionano-Based Advanced Anticancer Strategies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Nanoparticle drug delivery systems have various structures, and these include, but are not limited to, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, and liposomes. The basis of the characteristics of micelles is that they are amphiphilic block copolymers that gather to nano-size structures in aqueous media. Polymeric micelles act as an interplay between hydrophilic regions and hydrophobic core regions, in which hydrophobic drugs are found for stabilization, therefore, making the entire entity water soluble. The transportation of drugs in polymeric micelles can take place via either physical encapsulation or chemical adhesion [121]. The surface of dendrimers, which are polymeric macromolecules, exhibits many radial branched monomers. Targeted delivery via dendrimers is enabled by their distinctive characteristics, such as their adjustable surface functionality, water solubility, water valency, internal space for drugs, and mono-disperse size [122]. On the other hand, liposomes are closed colloidal structures that consist of lipid layers. They exhibit a spherical structure in which the center is an aqueous space that is surrounded by a lipid bilayer as the outer surface [123].
Nanopharmaceuticals in Cardiovascular Medicine
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Ramandeep Singh, Anupam Mittal, Maryada Sharma, Ajay Bahl, Madhu Khullar
The nanoparticle drug delivery systems are multilayered complex superstructures and most of their physiochemical properties depend on the monomeric units they are comprised of, and the functional groups incorporated in them. It is challenging to achieve the complexity of the system for commercial development. Nearly 250 nanoparticle-based products commercialised or in the clinical trials have elementary compositions, but their complex delivery systems make it challenging for increment in their commercial production and maintaining the quality of the products. With time, more and more complex biomolecules and therapeutic agents are being developed and their delivery through the nanoparticle drug delivery systems demand continuous efforts to make it safer for prolonged use (Ragelle et al., 2017).
Thymoquinone-Loaded Nanocarriers for Healthcare Applications
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Ruqaiyah Khan, Himani Nautiyal, Shakir Saleem
Nanoparticle drug delivery systems are now becoming one of the most preferred technology for developing therapeutics as they enhance the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of the drugs and increased patient compliance by achieving quicker recovery (Kumar et al., 2016, 2017; Chauhan et al., 2017). Several natural polymers like albumin, alginate, chitosan (CS), dextran, starch, carboxy-methyl cellulose, gelatin, and gums have been used widely for the development of nanoparticles. There have been multiple reports for the use of anionic polymers namely gum Arabic (Rani et al., 2015), gum tragacanth (Ranjbar et al., 2016), guar gum (Sarmah et al., 2014), gellan gum (Kumar et al., 2017; Dahiya et al., 2017) and xanthan gum (Cai et al., 2016). Gum rosin has been established as a novel material for target-specific and sustained release formulations, additionally it is a non-toxic, biodegradable, and inexpensive polymer. All these properties make gum rosin a preferable and suitable nanocarrier for the encapsulation and sustained release of drugs (Rani et al., 2018).
Implantable drug delivery systems for the treatment of osteomyelitis
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Megan Smith, Matthew Roberts, Raida Al-Kassas
The use of antibiotics encapsulated within nanoparticles (NPs) has proven to be very successful in the treatment against antibiotic resistant bacteria. NPs allow for a high concentration of drug to be directly delivered and held at the site of infection. They reduce the potential for the drugs to be cleared from the body and so the chance for an effective dose is increased. Nanoparticle drug delivery systems offer enhanced drug solubility, modulate the drug release kinetics, prevent clearance by the immune system, are able to deliver multiple drugs to target at once and can provide targeted drug delivery to the site of infection [115]. NPs are more desirable over other structures due to their small controllable size, large surface area to mass ratio, possess a structure that can be easily functionalized and high reactivity [116]. NPs can come in the form of liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers and other inorganic nanoparticles such as metal nanoparticles; these can be seen in Figure 9.
Recent advances in erythrocyte membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles for the delivery of anti-cancer therapeutics
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Siyu Wang, Yiwei Wang, Kai Jin, Bo Zhang, Shaojun Peng, Amit Kumar Nayak, Zhiqing Pang
With the development of nanotechnology, nanomedicine has become a prospective strategy for cancer treatment. Due to the special size of nanoparticles (NPs), NPs can penetrate tissues more effectively and reach the lesion site precisely. Actually, NPs possess many advantages in cancer treatment, including improving the solubility, enabling targeted drug delivery, and protecting drugs from being degraded by enzymes. At present, many nanotherapeutics such as Doxil®, Abraxane®, DepoCyt®, Mepact®, and Marqibo® have been successfully marketed for cancer treatment [1,2]. Although great success has been achieved in nanoparticle drug delivery systems, the effect of their clinical application is still far from expected. As ‘foreign materials’ to the body, most synthetic nanoparticles are easily identified and cleared by the immune system and have a low opportunity to access the target site. PEGylation on nanoparticles is a common strategy to delay the recognition and clearance by the immune system and extend the circulation life of nanoparticles in vivo. However, the immune system can produce antibodies against PEG after intravenous administration of PEGylated nanoparticles, which can accelerate their blood clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) [3,4], thus compromising their passive targeting effect and resulting in limited therapeutic efficacy in clinics.
Oridonin-loaded lipid-coated calcium phosphate nanoparticles: preparation, characterization, and application in A549 lung cancer
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
In our study, we demonstrated a biphasic release of ORD from the AS-ORD LCPs with a characteristic initial burst release followed by a slow and sustained release (Bhushan et al. 2015). Within 6 h, only 42% drug release in physiological pH was shown, whereas 65% was released in acidic pH conditions (Figure 2). At the end of the study (i.e. 36 h), the release was 58% and 78% in physiological and acidic pH, respectively. The AS-modified LCPs had slightly weaker sustained-release effect than the unmodified LCPs. This experiment demonstrated that ORD could be effectively released into a tumour microenvironment, rather than into healthy cells, from the AS-ORD LCPs. The enhanced accumulation of the drug in acidic pH correlates with the characteristic release profile in the tumour microenvironment (Biabanikhankahdani et al. 2016). This can be explained by the hydrogen-bonding interaction between the drug and nanoparticles, which might be strong in physiological pH (pH 7.4) and exhibits insignificant drug release. On the other hand, with enhanced acidic conditions, there is an augmented probability of more H + ions available to counteract the nanoparticle–drug formulation, thereby reducing the interactions (Biabanikhankahdani et al. 2016). This property of the proposed nanoparticle drug delivery system significantly improves the efficacy of the treatment in real time and reduces nonspecific toxicity.