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Intervention: Nanotechnology in Reconstructive Intervention and Surgery
Published in Harry F. Tibbals, Medical Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, 2017
Thermochemically driven nanoelectromechanical systems based on relative motion of carbon nanotubes have also been proposed as actuators for medical nanorobots [533]. Various forms of artificial muscle have also been explored in theoretical designs for medical robotics, for example, biomimetic designs based on spider silks [534].
Micro and nanorobot-based drug delivery: an overview
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Muhammad Suhail, Arshad Khan, Muhammad Abdur Rahim, Abid Naeem, Muhammad Fahad, Syed Faisal Badshah, Abdul Jabar, Ashok Kumar Janakiraman
The advancement of micro-and nano-electromechanical systems has opened the door to the fabrication of implantable robots capable of performing a wide range of functions, such as the controlled drug/genes delivery. Because of the tremendous improvements in nanotechnology, increased attention has been given to constructing nanorobots equipped with an internal or external power source, sensors, and artificial intelligence (AI). These intelligent systems are proficient in information processing, signalling, sensing, actuation, and communication, as well as conducting biological tasks at the cellular level and delivering drugs locally, resulting in improved efficacy and fewer side effects when compared to traditional therapeutics. Nanorobots offer tremendous potential in the detection of hazardous substances as well as in theranostic applications, among other things [20].
Micro-nanorobots: important considerations when developing novel drug delivery platforms
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2019
Ajay Vikram Singh, Mohammad Hasan Dad Ansari, Peter Laux, Andreas Luch
The spurge of micro/nanorobotics research took less than a decade to undergo in vitro proof-of-concept theme to in vivo applications albeit less than 10% of the current studies into biomedical applications report in vivo data [52]. Catalytic powered nanomotor motion into petri dishes found its applications to move into the rat stomach to deliver therapeutics [53]. To reach the advanced clinical phase, reproducibility and standardized methodologies suitable for clinical translation need to be demonstrated. Developments into microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology could rescue commercial viability of active micro/nanoroboticists by providing thrust to allied research [54]. This will payback monetary benefit to the community involved in such research creating vision for their discoveries to be materialized into clinical setup.
Drug delivery across length scales
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2019
Derfogail Delcassian, Asha K. Patel, Abel B. Cortinas, Robert Langer
Microfabrication techniques and advances in pump technology have allowed injection and infusion devices (described earlier in the macro section) to be created on smaller and smaller length scales. Microfabricated electromechanical systems (MEMS) offer a micron-sized infusion device that can provide localised fixed rate or variable dose delivery and recently further miniaturisation of fabrication technologies has encouraged development of nano-electromechanical systems [95] (NEMS) (Figure 2). MEMS systems can deliver both liquid- and solid-phase drug formulations [96–103] in a manner analogous to macro scale infusion pumps. The delivery dose is controlled by an infusion system, which is either fixed rate (i.e. diffusion-based) or active (i.e. pumped) [9,96]. In pumped systems, devices can be either non-mechanical (i.e. electrophoresis and electro-osmosis) or mechanical in nature (piezoelectric, electromagnetic and shape memory alloy), with the choice of pump system impacting both the delivery dosage schedule and device lifetime [100–102,104,105]. For example non-mechanical pumps usually have a limited flow rate compared to variable piezoelectric pumps [100,103,104,106–109] yet piezoelectric pump systems often require higher voltage systems and increased operating power, reducing battery and device lifetime. Although these devices are small enough to be implanted within the body, they have a reduced reservoir capacity compared to their macro scale counterparts. To combat the low loading capacity, refillable devices [98] are being developed which enable reservoir replenishment and dose manipulation post-implantation. Due to the placement of these devices within the body, refilling these systems will likely require an additional surgical procedure, rendering these devices unsuitable for non-surgical applications.