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Nanomedicine Against COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Saima Zulfiqar, Zunaira Naeem, Shahzad Sharif, Ayoub Rashid Ch., M. Zia-Ul-Haq, Marius Moga
In biomedical applications such as diagnostics, therapeutics, safety/security, and environmental monitoring, grapheme, and dichalcogenides of transition metals have much importance. Pristine graphene is being used in biosensors, while its derivatives in detection and disinfection of microbes and enzyme assay [196, 197]. In the last decade, it was used for the first time to investigate the activity of enzymes, inhibition of viral helicase [198].
Surface Engineered Graphene Oxide and Its Derivatives
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Zaira Zaman Chowdhury, Abu Nasser Faisal, Shahjalal Mohammad Shibly, Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Jeyabalan Sangeetha
These NPs exhibit unique physio-chemical characteristics, including strong mechanical strength (Kravets et al. 2010), electrical and thermal conductivities (Suk et al. 2010), and optical sorption qualities. Graphene interacts with a broad range of biomolecules because of its delocalized electron density and considerable surface area, and it can be used for drug/gene transportation, regenerative medicine, cancer treatment, imaging, and biosensing (Shen et al. 2012; Yang et al. 2013a; Shi et al. 2014). Graphene (Gr) is hydrophobic and can exhibit more aggressive reactions at the edges owing to its substantial aromatic surface. Zig-zag edges are more unstable thermodynamically than the arm-chair edges. It is realistic to expect zig-zag edges to be better responsive than the latter one (Loh et al. 2010).
Versatile Nature of Poly(Vinylpyrrolidone) in Clinical Medicine
Published in P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
K. R. Dhanya, P. Mereena Luke, Sabu Thomas, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal
Graphene-based materials are used in various fields such as biomedical, drug, and vaccine delivery shows exciting properties. Nanocomposite of graphene, PVP, and polyaniline can be used for measuring cholesterol levels in medical diagnosis. Both graphene oxides coated as well as non-coated PVP on human immune cells describes outstanding immune enhancement properties and such kinds of studies were carried out by Zhi et al. PVP coated nanostructured cobalt ferrite shows extremely different properties such as biocompatibility, magnetic, and antioxidant property and this excellent anti-oxidant property help them to use in cancer treatments. Co-polymers of PVP have extensive use in various fields.
A follow-up study on workers involved in the graphene production process after the introduction of exposure mitigation measures: evaluation of genotoxic and oxidative effects
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2022
Delia Cavallo, Cinzia Lucia Ursini, Anna Maria Fresegna, Aureliano Ciervo, Fabio Boccuni, Riccardo Ferrante, Francesca Tombolini, Raffaele Maiello, Pieranna Chiarella, Giuliana Buresti, Valentina Del Frate, Diana Poli, Roberta Andreoli, Luisana Di Cristo, Stefania Sabella, Sergio Iavicoli
Graphene is one of the last discovered carbon-based nanomaterials, characterized by two-dimensional mono-atomic sheet with carbon atoms arranged in a typical honey-like structure, that can be also oxidized and/or functionalized giving origin to graphene-based materials with different lateral size, thickness (related to the number of overlapping sheets), surface area, shape and carbon-to-oxygen ratio (Pelin et al. 2018). These materials can be applied in several sectors such as electronics, energy technology, sensors, environmental protection and biomedicine (Wu, Zhou, and Ouyang 2021). Several in vitro and in vivo studies on the potential toxicity of graphene-based materials are available, although in low percentage in respect to the total number of scientific publications on nanomaterials. Mittal et al. (2016) in human lung cells (A549 and BEAS-2B cells) found that graphene derivatives internalize and induce oxidative stress mediated cytotoxicity in both cells and highlighted the role of physico-chemical properties of such materials on the induced toxicity. They also found different cellular susceptibility.
Evaluation of graphene-derived bone scaffold exposure to the calvarial bone_in-vitro and in-vivo studies
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2022
Yung-Chang Lu, Ting-Kuo Chang, Shu-Ting Yeh, Tzu-Chiao Lin, Hung-Shih Lin, Chun-Hung Chen, Chun-Hsiung Huang, Chang-Hung Huang
Graphene is a novel material which has recently been gaining great interest in the biomedical field (Alagarsamy et al. 2021; Zhao et al. 2021). Graphene is a two-dimensional (2D) single-atom-thick sheet of sp2-hybridized hexagonally arranged carbon atoms within a carbon material structure (Mittal et al. 2020). Graphene shows promising characteristics, including excellent mechanical properties, atomic structure stability, and electrical conductivity (Qu et al. 2018; Du et al. 2020). Graphene-based nanomaterials have also been used in dermatology research, due to their excellent biological properties such as cell proliferation stimulation, antibacterial properties, and biocompatibility (Zhao et al. 2021). In cardiovascular diseases, carbon nanomaterials like graphene showed a promising potential in the clinical translation of biomaterials-based therapies (Alagarsamy et al. 2021). 3D graphene foams were developed and showed the ability to maintain human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) viability and induce spontaneous osteogenic differentiation (Crowder et al. 2013). Incorporated graphene derivate into Zn or positively charged Fe3O4 (pFe3O4) scaffold not only increased its mechanical properties but also improved cell biocompatibility and alkaline phosphatase activity (Yang et al. 2020, 2021).
Carbon-based nanomaterials for targeted cancer nanotherapy: recent trends and future prospects
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2021
Mohaddeseh Sajjadi, Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh, Babak Jaleh, Ghazaleh Jamalipour Soufi, Siavash Iravani
Carbon-based nanomaterials have intrinsic physicochemical properties that can potentially be utilised for biomedical applications [15–17]. As an example, CNTs exhibited significant optical absorption in the near infra-red, Raman scattering as well as photo-acoustic characteristics that widen the scope of in vivo applications; these materials can potentially have bioimaging and tracing functions coupled with drug delivery [18]. Additionally, graphene with large surface area, unique mechanical features and possibility of easy functionalization, can be considered as attractive candidates for drug delivery. Though, the safety issues and potential toxicity of carbon-based nanomaterials are the subjects of studies in the past decade; particularly, CNTs as drug delivery systems due to the fact that these fiber-like materials were recognised to be bio-persistent, and thus to have asbestos-like pathogenicity [18,19]. But, more recent investigations have proposed innovative strategies to improve the biocompatibility of these materials via surface modification of them, and also have exhibited the susceptibility for enzymatic degradation of these nanostructured materials. Specific analyses should be accomplished regarding the biological interactions of these carbon-based nanomaterials, and also more biocompatibility assessments should be planned for potential effects on the immune system [15–17].