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Application of Viral Nanomaterials in Medicine
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Sudhakar Pola, Dhanalakshmi Padi
Nanomaterials have many applications in medicine, and the concept of nanotechnology in medicine is that those tiny nanorobots and their related machines are designed to treat the cellular repairs at the molecular level by releasing the nanomaterials to the site for drug delivery (Feynman 1960). The small structure, multifunctions, surface adaptability, precise delivery of drugs, and the development of new drug products and substances (which refers to nanomedicine) play a critical role in early detection and treatment of various diseases.
Alternative Tumor-Targeting Strategies
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
In a recent study, enzyme-powered nanobots have been designed that can self-propel with the tumor environment to facilitate the release of entrapped anticancer drugs. These nanoparticles consist of a mesoporous silica-based core and shell, with the outer shell loaded with doxorubicin and then coated with urease enzyme (Figure 10.26). The urease-based nanomotor works by converting chemical energy into mechanical work (i.e., movement) in a urea-containing aqueous environment. The ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) produced from the hydrolysis of urea causes movement of the nanoparticles and disruption of the doxorubicin packing, leading to its release. In in vitro experiments, optical tracking and dynamic light scattering analysis were used to demonstrate a fourfold increase in doxorubicin release compared to equivalent passive doxorubicin-containing nanoparticles. Furthermore, in vitro studies in a HeLa (cervical cancer) cell line demonstrated an enhanced cytotoxic effect compared to passive doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles.
Nanomedicine(s) under the Microscope *
Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Depending on the context, nanotechnologies developed as nanomedicines (nanosized therapeutics and imaging agents) are presented as either a remarkable technological revolution already capable of delivering new diagnostics, treatments for unmanageable diseases, and opportunities for tissue repair or highly dangerous nanoparticles, nanorobots, or nanoelectronic devices that will wreak havoc in the body. The truth lies firmly between these two extremes. Rational design of “nanomedicines” began almost half a century ago, and >40 products have completed the complex journey from lab to routine clinical use. Here we critically review both nanomedicines in clinical use and emerging nanosized drugs, drug delivery systems, imaging agents, and theranostics with unique properties that promise much for the future. Key factors relevant to the design of practical nanomedicines and the regulatory mechanisms designed to ensure safe and timely realization of healthcare benefits are discussed.
Micro and nanorobot-based drug delivery: an overview
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Muhammad Suhail, Arshad Khan, Muhammad Abdur Rahim, Abid Naeem, Muhammad Fahad, Syed Faisal Badshah, Abdul Jabar, Ashok Kumar Janakiraman
The rapid advancement of materials science, molecular biology, mechanical dynamics, artificial intelligence, and other disciplines accelerates the emergence of new technologies. Micro/nanorobots increasingly entered the minds of scientists. Richard Feynman suggested the use of microrobots in medical therapy for the first time in 1959. The term ‘nanorobot’ was coined at that point. Micro/nanorobots have been extensively utilised in the medical sector as a growing technology, with tasks such as auxiliary operation, medical diagnostics, and drug/cells delivery. In terms of drug delivery, unlike the conventional approach, which depends on blood flow to reach the target, micro/nanorobots may accomplish autonomous mobility, allowing us to distribute controlled nanoparticles to challenging regions [7]. Recent advances in micro and nanorobots, classification, and their usage for drug delivery, targeted drug delivery, and other medicinal applications are addressed in this article.
Micro-nanorobots: important considerations when developing novel drug delivery platforms
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2019
Ajay Vikram Singh, Mohammad Hasan Dad Ansari, Peter Laux, Andreas Luch
Micro-nanorobots envision a fascinating world for future therapeutics as exhibited in many science fiction scenarios [4]. By definition, micro-nanorobots are tiny synthetic machines designed with the capability to sense, move, and operate at micro/nanoscale precision to perform specific tasks repeatedly in a tightly controlled manner. Micro-nanorobots have at least one dimension into the micro- (1000 µm = 1 mm) or nanometer range (1000 nm = 1 µm). Robotic approaches at micro/nanoscale for drug delivery differ to traditional drug delivery methods in targeting design perspective, sensing, power, and control to execute simultaneously massive parallel task together [5]. Over the years, micro/nanorobot research for the TDD has been evolved from simple moving beads to sophisticated micro/nanostructures designed in a complex manner (Figure 1). Micro/nanorobots are driven by chemical fuel (e.g. H2O2, pH), biomolecular fuel (e.g. enzymes), light or electromagnetic energy utilizing on/off-board actuation. The mobility of these tiny robots empowers to maneuver through inaccessible areas such as necrotic tumor core [6], viscous fluids such as retino-vitreous chamber [7] in the eye or tiny spaces into micro-capillaries [8]. Hence, these minuscule synthetic machines can be targeted to deliver therapeutic payload to target the disease site which is almost impossible to reach with contemporary tools with autonomous or untethered control. They can be operated in parts of the body where the blood flow is slower such as capillaries or fluids outside the circulatory system, ventricles of the brain or the urinary tract.
Research progress of the engagement of inorganic nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapy
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Tingwei Peng, Tianzhao Xu, Xinghui Liu
In addition, with the advent of the third generation of nanomaterials—nanorobots, artificial manipulation at nano-level should be considered. Based on asymmetric concentration field, nanorobots can spontaneously target the higher side. Meanwhile, targeting ability of nanorobots can be further enhanced by artificially adjusting the electric potential and the direction of light to change photoelectric field (Dai et al., 2016). This characteristic can also be applied in immunotherapy combined with PDT and its capability to improve tumor targeting precision and therapeutic effects need to be further studied and confirmed. Besides, further research should be carried on to explore more regulating modes to promote the precise and rapid movement toward tumor site.