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Fenugreek
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Ujjwala Kandekar, Sunil Ramdasi, Prasad Thakurdesai
Probiotics are live microbial feed supplements, which contribute to maintain a healthy microbial balance in the gut (Kechagia et al. 2013). The viability of probiotics is impeded in the harsh acidic gastric environment. Therefore, some kind of protective mechanisms are necessary to protect bacteria for successful probiotic formulation (Prakash et al. 2011). Microencapsulation is the process to shield the active material from the surrounding environment, where active material is encapsulated in a polymeric shell (Dubey, Shami, and Bhasker Rao 2009).
Spray Drying and Pharmaceutical Applications
Published in Dilip M. Parikh, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
Metin Çelik, Pavan Muttil, Gülşilan Binzet, Susan C. Wendell
Microencapsulation or microparticle (matrix) formation is a process that is often used to provide controlled release of a protein or drug. Several authors have studied microencapsulation formulations manufactured from a spray drying process as a means to achieve controlled release. In one case, the effect of polymer hydrophilicity on API release was evaluated and the most hydrophilic polymer was found to gel faster and retard drug release the most [60]. The size and cohesiveness of the resultant spray dried particles were found to be a function of the polymer and also affected drug release with the smaller, more cohesive particles tending to agglomerate and delay drug release. In another case, the release of a model drug was controlled using a spray dried, water-activated, pH-controlled microsphere [61]. Water influx into the microcapsule caused the buffer to dissolve and thus adjusted the inner pH causing the fraction of unionized drug to increase resulting in drug release.
What Are Polymeric Carriers?
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Gülderen Karakuş, Dolunay Şakar Daşdan
Microencapsulation is the coating of a solid or liquid particle or a droplet with a polymeric film material and known as the first of the microparticular systems entering our lives in recent years. Microencapsulation technology is often used in a wide range of pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, agriculture, cosmetics, textiles, etc. In the case of polymeric vaccine techniques, the active drug substance is coated with a coating material called a wall at the so-called core. The liquid substance is reduced by more easily portable volatility, increased stability, and stability with this coating technique. In addition, the effect of time also increases. Different techniques are used for encapsulation. Depending on the physical and chemical properties of the core material, the technique to be used also varies. The coacervation method is the oldest and the most widely used method. Coacervation occurs as a result of temperature change, addition of salt, addition of another polymer or polymer-polymer interaction. Unlike microcapsules, microspheres are the carriers that enable the active substance in the drug to be delivered to the desired area in the body. Biocompatibility and non-toxicity are the most important reasons. The dimensions range in size from 1 µm to 50 µm. The polymers (natural or synthetic) generally used are chitosan, polyesters, lipids, and cellulose derivatives (Geary et al. 2015).
Smart design of patient-centric long-acting products: from preclinical to marketed pipeline trends and opportunities
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Céline Bassand, Alessia Villois, Lucas Gianola, Grit Laue, Farshad Ramazani, Bernd Riebesehl, Manuel Sanchez-Felix, Kurt Sedo, Thomas Ullrich, Marieta Duvnjak Romic
The microencapsulation processes include spray drying, coacervation or phase separation, and solvent evaporation, the latter being the most used method [35]. Although used for decades, this complex manufacturing process challenges scale up control of particle size distribution and drug loading [35]. Flexion developed a new process by atomizing a drug-polymer mixture on a spinning disk, followed by solvent evaporation [72]. This process is employed for preparation of Zilretta®, triamcinolone acetonide-loaded PLGA microparticles to reduce pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis [73]. Zilretta® was approved in 2017 as the first local LAI based on microparticles and addressed the manufacturing challenges of PLGA and similar polymers. In addition, Zilretta® significantly improved peak/trough ratio [74] compared to benchmark PLGA products (Figure 4), demonstrating well-controlled particle size distribution could improve control of drug release from microparticulate-based systems.
Microencapsulation of reactive isocyanates for application in self-healing materials: a review
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2021
Amanda N. B. Santos, Demetrio J. dos Santos, Danilo J. Carastan
Different healing systems have been proposed as ‘containers’ for healing agents such as polymer-based materials, carbon nanotubes, inorganic porous materials and hollow glass structures (Vijayan and Almaadeed 2016). Inside polymer-based materials, microcapsules emerge as a promising candidate due to the rapid development of microencapsulation techniques since the 1950s and the possibility of easy mass production for industrial applications (Yuan et al.2008). In these systems, cracks in the polymeric matrix work as triggers to the healing process. The crack propagation provokes the mechanical rupture of a microcapsule, releasing the liquid curing agent, that through capillarity action will fill the damaged area and after curing reactions will heal it (White et al.2001, Murphy and Wudl 2010).
Polymeric microparticle systems for modified release of glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2021
Luis Peña Icart, Fernando Gomes Souza, Luís Maurício T. R. Lima
Microencapsulation is a packing technology for solid, liquid, or gaseous substances, which forms free-flowing micrometric particles within a polymeric or fatty film (Sahil et al.2011, Kadam and Suvarna 2015, Wong et al.2018). The prepared product is defined as a microcapsule or microsphere, though each term corresponds to a product with certain differences in morphology and internal structure (Wong et al.2018) (Figure 3). In microcapsules, the capsule wall surrounds the entrapped substance, while the entrapped substance is dispersed throughout the coating matrix in microspheres (Midha et al.2015). Microspheres are sometimes referred to as microparticles, especially when they involve the microencapsulation of solid material with the coating material deposited on the particle surface. The resulting particles are, therefore, generally similar to the original shape of the solid material (Singh et al.2010). Furthermore, depending on the particle size of these products, they can be defined as nanoparticles, nanocapsules, or nanospheres when they have an average maximum dimension of less than 1 micron.