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Ecology
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
Pierre et al. (2010) quantified adsorption of the spiked phage MS2 not only on the filters, but also on the filtration equipment, and concluded that the most appropriate material to be used as a filtration test tank is Pyrex glass. Characterization of the ultrafiltration membranes by the MS2 retention was standardized by Causserand et al. (2010). Removal of the FRNA phages was used as an efficacy parameter by the evaluation of the membrane bioreactor technology in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant in Bologna, Italy (Zanetti et al. 2010).
Wastewater treatment *
Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) combine biological processes with membranes for wastewater treatment, producing high quality water for recycling while using only a very small physical plant (Kimura 1991). Pretreatment mirrors the mechanisms described for conventional systems, but degradation by aerobic bacteria and clarification are combined into one step. Most reactor designs use a membrane to replace the sedimentation step in wastewater treatment (Stephenson et al. 2000). This allows membrane bioreactors to be much more compact than conventional plants. The use of membranes also allows these wastewater treatment systems to be designed to treat small flows with relatively infrequent monitoring.
Initiation and progression of Early-Stage microbial-driven membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors: a review
Published in Biofouling, 2023
Yuya Takimoto, Toru Miwa, Masashi Hatamoto
With rising global population, water demand has increased enormously. As the amount of wastewater from all industries and households continue to increase, membrane bioreactor (MBR) is considered as an effective solution for the treatment of wastewaters because of their compactness and high-quality effluent (Bijekar et al. 2022). However, biofilm development on the membrane surface of MBR remains the most severe problem causing membrane fouling. These processes are accompanied by an increase in transmembrane pressure (TMP) and a decline in membrane flux. Microbially driven membrane fouling is one form of called biofouling. Although some pretreatment processes can remove natural organic/inorganic matter that causes non-microbial-driven membrane fouling (e.g. coagulation, using powder-activated carbon), microbial-driven biofouling is inevitable and unpredictable.
Hybrid powdered activated carbon-activated sludge biofilm formation to mitigate biofouling in dynamic membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Mohammad Reza Mehrnia, Fatemeh Nasiri, Fatemeh Pourasgharian Roudsari, Fatemeh Bahrami
The utilization of a dynamic membrane bioreactor (DMBR) could be an effective approach to settling this bottleneck (Vergine et al. 2021)). Among dynamic membrane (DM) types (i.e. self-forming dynamic membrane (SFDM) and pre-coated DM), SFDMs (also called biofilm (Mohan and Nagalakshmi 2020)) are formed gradually by deposition and adhesion of substances present in the wastewater, such as suspended solids (SS), colloids, microorganisms and their secreted extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the lying support media (Vergine et al. 2018). Since SFDM is a subset of DM, the latter is frequently used instead of the former. Therefore, DM is used in the following sections. Usually, cheaper materials, woven and non-woven fabric filters, such as polyester fabric filters, acrylate, nylons and mesh filters are utilized as the support of DM (Loderer et al. 2013; Hu et al. 2016). In a previous study (Rezvani et al. 2014), the process of DM formation on the mesh filter and its capability in treating municipal wastewater was investigated. It was found that the formation of DM on the surface of a mesh filter instead of using conventional polymeric membranes was a promising new approach which was able to enhance effluent quality and reduce costs simultaneously (Rezvani et al. 2014).
Biofouling detection methods that are widely applicable and useful across disciplines: a mini-review
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Anna M. Curtin, Heather L. Buckley
Additionally, although this review is focused on RO systems, it should be acknowledged that biofouling is an issue across disciplines. One noteworthy technology that is also affected by biofouling is medical devices. For example, in 2011 it was found that 1 in 25 inpatient hospital admissions obtained a hospital acquired infection (HAI) and that >25% of the HAIs were directly associated with implanted medical devices (Magill et al. 2014). Another noteworthy technology that is negatively impacted by biofouling is membrane bioreactors (MBRs). The application of MBRs is limited due to biofouling for similar reasons as RO systems including flux decline and increased pressure drop across the membrane (Ramesh et al. 2006; Miura et al. 2007). However, the direct motivation of this review was anti-biofouling studies for RO membranes.