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Environmental Compliance and Control for Radiopharmaceutical Production
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Ching-Hung Chiu, Ya-Yao Huang, Wen-Yi Chang, Jacek Koziorowski
Fourth, in addition to aseptically performed operations, membrane filtration is a commonly used approach for radiopharmaceutical preparation using a bacterial retention filter to abate the microbiological risk derived from the above compromised solutions. Accordingly, an integrity test usually has to be performed immediately after the preparation. However, it adds an additional risk for radiation exposure, even if rinsing the filter before the integrity test is performed. Thus, an alternative filter-based sterilization method of radiopharmaceuticals has been suggested, with the use of two filters in series and waiving the integrity testing before release [26].
Ecology
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
The phage MS2 was used for the evaluation of different ultrafiltration membranes during gravity-driven membrane filtration over 500 days (Lee D et al. 2019). The phage MS2 and poliovirus were used as survival markers by the introduction of preservative agents and antibiotics for increased virus survival on positively charged filters (Fagnant et al. 2017a,b).
The LH/hCG Receptor
Published in Mario Ascoli, Luteinizing Hormone Action and Receptors, 2019
Patrick C. Roche, Robert J. Ryan
Separation techniques have included centrifugation, membrane filtration, precipitation of complexes, and gel filtration. Centrifugation (usually at 2000 rpm for 15 min) is satisfactory for equilibrium time experiments using particulate receptors in low-viscosity buffers. For nonequilibrium experiments, such as association rate experiments, centrifugation requires too long a time period and membrane filtration is preferable.
Plasma exchange as an adjunctive therapy in anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Kavita Gulati, Charles D Pusey
Plasma exchange can be performed using two main automated systems: centrifugal and membrane filtration [71]. In the centrifugal system, whole blood is extracted via venous access, and the plasma separated via centrifugation from cellular components [85,86]. The plasma supernatant is removed, with the remaining blood returned to the patient after being mixed with appropriate replacement fluid. The membrane filtration system pumps the patient’s blood through a hollow fiber filter, the membrane of which allows only the passage of plasma, which is subsequently removed, but not cells. The main difference between the two methods is that in membrane-based TPE, only molecules that are less than three million Daltons can be removed, whereas the centrifugal method does not have an upper limit. This implies that membrane-based TPE leads to less effective clearance of larger molecules such as IgM, cryoglobulins, and immune complexes [85,86].
Application of zinc oxide and sodium alginate for biofouling mitigation in a membrane bioreactor treating urban wastewater
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Fatemeh Sokhandan, Maryam Homayoonfal, Fatemeh Davar
For examining the effect of the presence of antibacterial and hydrophilic nanoparticles on the membrane filtration behavior, only the effects of the type and concentration of nanoparticles as well as mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) (8, 10, and 12 g l−1) were tested. To this end, the filtration behavior of six different membranes (Table 1) at three different MLSS levels (8, 10, and 12 g l−1) was explored. Accordingly, 18 independent filtration experiments were conducted; the flux passing through the membrane, the extent of the flux recovery, the filtration resistances, and COD removal were considered as the criteria for assessing the performance of the nanocomposite membranes. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS Statistics version 22.0 software (IBM Corp Armonk, NY, USA). The normality of the data distribution was tested based on the Kolmogorov–Smirnov method. The statistical significance values of the group means of the MBR flux, the flux recovery, the filtration resistances, and COD removal were evaluated using one-way analysis of variance. Subsequent comparisons were made using Tukey’s post hoc test. The statistical analyses performed were considered significant when p < 0.05.
Evaluating the effect of antiscalants on membrane biofouling using FTIR and multivariate analysis
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Mohammad Y. Ashfaq, Mohammad A. Al-Ghouti, Hazim Qiblawey, Nabil Zouari
Conventionally, membrane fouling and antifouling studies are conducted in a membrane filtration setup. Depending upon the type of fouling under investigation, the experiments are usually conducted from few hours to weeks and the setup mandates inclusion of high-pressure pumps, flow meters, pressure gauges and membrane filtration cells, which makes it a time consuming and costly methodology. In recent research, a method of quantifying biofilm formation using microbiology-based assays was proposed (Lutskiy et al. 2015). The suggested methodology was successfully applied to quantify the early stage of biofilm formation on RO and nanofiltration (NF) membranes. The effect of an antimicrobial polypeptide (nisin) on biofouling was recently studied using similar methodology (Jung et al. 2018). Therefore, it can be concluded that such assays are useful for evaluating the performance of membranes coated with anti-microbial materials to give early information about the performance of modified membranes without the use of complex filtration setups. Similarly, such assays can further be utilized to study the factors affecting microbial growth/viability (eg antiscalants), a critical step in biofouling.