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Smart IoT Techniques to Improve Pandemic Outreach
Published in Ram Shringar Raw, Vishal Jain, Sanjoy Das, Meenakshi Sharma, Pandemic Detection and Analysis Through Smart Computing Technologies, 2022
Technically, the cartridge is loaded into the chip containing an ISFET sensor array mounted on a CMOS chip linked to the microcontroller, which transfers the data through Bluetooth on a server or a mobile application. ISFET is a biological sensor close to the transistor MOSFET, but a metal gate just replaces an ion-sensitive frame. Solution ion concentrations can be determined by the ISFET biosensor (Figure 7.1). The sensors perform reaction ion-imaging on the chip surface to allow DNA amplification to be monitored in real-time [14]. This monitoring is like the detection of viral infections. This illustration illustrates how IoT will use trivial technologies to enable computing during and to enable unprecedented treatment experiments in the field of treatment. This Lab-on-Chip technology, even though somewhat cheaper, is just like the Abbott Laboratory in a kit testing kit that has been approved and used by the FDA over the last few weeks. And in context, to bring it.
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) for Companion Diagnostics (CDx) and Precision Medicine
Published in Il-Jin Kim, Companion Diagnostics (CDx) in Precision Medicine, 2019
Il-Jin Kim, Mendez Pedro, David Jablons
With Ion Torrent, sample library preparation is PCR-based, followed by ligation of universal adaptors and barcodes. Each library molecule along with one sequencing bead and PCR reagents are emulsified into a droplet (also known as sequencing microreactor). Each microreactor is used as template of emulsion PCR to attach and amplify the library molecule to the sequencing bead. The isolation of one library molecule and sequencing bead allows the monoclonal amplification of the library template (Fig. 5.2).24 Unlike SBS-CRT methods, the Ion Torrent system detects unlabeled dNTP and releases H+ ions detected by pH meter.31 Each dNTP causes a very subtle change of pH (0.02 unit),18 which can be used for the sequencing base calling (Fig. 5.2). The change of pH is detected by a complementary metal–oxide semiconductor and an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor.18
Specialist Investigation of Anorectal and Colonic Functions
Published in Peter Sagar, Andrew G. Hill, Charles H. Knowles, Stefan Post, Willem A. Bemelman, Patricia L. Roberts, Susan Galandiuk, John R.T. Monson, Michael R.B. Keighley, Norman S. Williams, Keighley & Williams’ Surgery of the Anus, Rectum and Colon, 2019
S. Mark Scott, Andrew B. Williams
Following ingestion, the wireless motility capsule (WMC) measures intraluminal pH, pressure and temperature as it traverses the gastrointestinal tract (see Figure 16.4).39 It allows for fully ambulant studies, and is approved for use in adults by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), whereby it is indicated for the evaluation of suspected delayed gastric emptying (gastroparesis) and chronic constipation. In the UK, the WMC is approved by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) to investigate GI motility-related symptoms. Each single-use, cylindrical capsule measures 26.8 × 11.7 mm (see Figure 16.4a) and houses (1) a solid state pressure sensor, accurate to ±5 mmHg over the range 0 to 100 mmHg, and ±10 mmHg for pressures ranging from 100 to 350 mmHg; (2) an ion-sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) pH electrode, accurate to ±0.5 pH units ranging from pH 0.5 to 9.0 and (3) a temperature sensor, providing measurement of temperature within the range 25°C to 49°C, with an accuracy of ±1°C. The capsule additionally contains a radiofrequency transmitter and antenna and is powered by two 1.5 V silver oxide batteries. The WMC is one component of the SmartPill GI Monitoring System, which also comprises a portable data receiver, which can be worn on a lanyard or attached to the study subject’s belt; a docking station, which is used to download data from the receiver to a laptop and customised display and analysis software. Battery life is ≥5 days, essential for the study of constipated patients who may have grossly extended GI transit times.
The electronic tongue: an advanced taste-sensing multichannel sensory tool with global selectivity for application in the pharmaceutical and food industry
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
Gutierrez et al. (2010) use a hybrid electronic tongue based on optical and electrochemical microsensors for quality control of wine. The system consists of an array of electrochemical microsensors and a colorimetric optofluidic system. The electrochemical sensor array is made up of two amperometric electrodes, an Au microelectrode, a redox potential sensor, six ISFET-based sensors, a conductivity sensor, and a microelectrode for monitoring electrochemical oxygen demand. A hollow structure, air mirrors, microlenses, and self-aligning structures make up the optofluidic system, which is totally made of polymer technology. A number of multivariate advanced tools have been used to process the data obtained from these sensors, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for the pattern recognition and classification of wine samples and Partial-Least Squares (PLS) regression for the quantification of several chemical and optical parameters important for wine quality. The outcomes have shown how useful this technique is for classifying samples into groups based on the grape type and vintage year as well as for measuring a number of sample factors important for wine quality management. Moreover, the optofluidic system and the electrochemical microsensors may be combined on the same platform, resulting in equipment that is quick, efficient, and practical for use when conducting experiments in the field.
Next-generation sequencing and its application in diagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2019
Arash Salmaninejad, Jamshid Motaee, Mahsa Farjami, Maliheh Alimardani, Alireza Esmaeilie, Alireza Pasdar
Ion Torrent semiconductor sequencing uses pH changes due to hydrogen ion released during formation of a phosphodiester bond between nucleotides. The released proton results in pH reduction by 0.02 per single base incorporation. This is detected by integrated complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) – ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) sensor (22). Maximum read length is about 400 bp. Similar to 454 (and all other pyrosequencing technologies) Ion Torrent is less able to readily interpret homopolymer sequences due to the loss of signal as multiple matching dNTPs incorporate, that can result in missing out the deletions or substitution mutation. The absence of optical imaging systems makes the use of this technology more cost-effective, simpler and faster than other commercialized platforms. Single molecule real-time sequencing (SMRT) is the only optical sequencing technology in which template DNA is sequenced without clonal amplification, but in library preparation for Illumina, SOLiD, 454 and Ion Torrent platforms DNA amplification is a necessary stage that is performed by Solid-phase bridge amplification and emulsion PCR (13,23). SMRT sequencing approach has been widely used for the long-read platform by Pacific Biosciences (PacBio); also, SMRT is a selective method for sequencing of regions with high repetitive and genome assembly (16,20).
Recent trends and perspectives in enzyme based biosensor development for the screening of triglycerides: a comprehensive review
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Vinita Hooda, Anjum Gahlaut, Ashish Gothwal, Vikas Hooda
Ion-selective field effect transistor (ISFET) is a strong platform to expand area of development in the field of biosensors. The FET devices have similar electronic properties as that of the conventional metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), therefore they respond quickly to the chemical environment changes, which facilitates a highly sensitive and steadfast pathway for the biomolecules detection. A variety of techniques have been utilized such as polymer entrapment or covalent bonding, to link enzymes on to the gate surface of a FET. In 1986, Nakako et al. developed an enzyme electrode based on hydrogen ion-sensitive field effect transistors (pH-FET’s) for the analysis of neutral lipid. The electrode was made up of two pH-FET’s and a platinum wire. One of the FET’s was immobilized with lipase membrane. The wide concentration ranges of triglycerides were determined by the proposed electrode within a short response time of 2 min [45]. The electrode suffered few technological and fundamental problems including instability in the functional groups of the sensing layer and impurities of the semiconductor. In 2008, Vijayalakshmi et al. fabricated a FET based novel sensor in which the thermostable lipase enzyme was immobilized on the magnetic nickel ferrite nanoparticles and a permanent magnet was applied below the gate of the FET. The TG concentrations within the range of 0.1–1.5% were estimated by the method [46]. The biosensor offered high-yield manufacturing, high speed and low cost, without compromising the sensitivity in diagnostics.